qualitative

Question 1

strengths

Answer 1

Rich data in experiences and depth

Complexive and sensitive issues can be investigated

Want to explain phenomena; deeper than just observe it they want to know why

Identify and evaluate contributing factors

New ideas and theories to explain

Own environments

Question 2

weaknesses

Answer 2

Time consuming

Huge amounts of data that need to be analysed

No standardized strategies for analysis

Interpretation Is subjective

Question 3

genrelization x 3

Answer 3

Representational generalization
Can be applied to the population in which it was taken; eg if u take from IB students can it be applied to all IB students.
Qualitative small sample types usually makes this hard

Inferential generalization
Otherwise known as transferability
Can be transferred to outside of the study
Eg done with IB students in the UK may not be transferable to moscow

Theoretical genrelization
Theoretical concepts can be used to develop theories

Question 4

credbility chekc/member check

Answer 4

efers to the practice of asking participants to verify the researcher’s interpretation of the data. While this can help ensure accuracy, it can also create artificial conformity. In other words, by asking participants to agree with the researcher’s conclusions, it may pressure them to conform to the researcher’s interpretation, even if it doesn’t fully reflect their own views or experiences.

Question 5

Reflexivity

Answer 5

is the process of reflecting on and critically examining one’s role in the research process, including how the researcher’s own biases, assumptions, and experiences may influence the study.

By practicing reflexivity, the researcher can be more aware of their own potential biases, both in data collection and interpretation, and try to minimize their impact on the findings.

Reflexivity is crucial because it helps the researcher remain open to different perspectives, prevents the imposition of the researcher’s own interpretations, and increases the credibility and trustworthiness of the study

Question 6

participant observations

Answer 6

-The researcher becomes part of the group
-They become part of the group
-Field notes are accounting for what has occurred

-Qualitative research is questioned for it ability to get a true insight into people’s minds, participant observation can help this
-The only way to understand people’s views is to go into their shoes
-Reflexivity is noting any personal relevance to the topic

Removes bias; understand how and why the social processes are the way they are, instead of imposing their own reality on the phenomenon.
holistic
Low objectivity

Question 7

non particpant observ

Answer 7

Not part of the group
Can remove natural response and prompt reactivity
Deception may be necessary

Question 8

types of collections in observation s

Answer 8

Overt: know being watched
Covert: do not know

Event: number of the activity
Point: noted for each member
Time sample: notes time of day

Deductive approach: based on a pre existing theory and aims to observe specific traits
Inductive approach: no checklist, they look after and see what has emerged

Inductive content analysis - classifying and observing traits and then doing checking with participants or researchers.

Question 9

interviews

Answer 9

Mostly strong as they allow more information and emerge to different factors that may be unexpected in a purposeful sample,

however interviewer effect
,
artificiality,

time consuming

unobjective.

Question 10

focus grps

Answer 10

Focus groups are more personal and encourage responses from numerous people. Free talk and generation of topics. Natural setting. May be influenced by group dynamics and lie or not share, hard to analyse.

Answer 11

Trained professional used to avoid interviewer effect

Gender, facial expressions, body language all may have an influence.

Interview guide is a plan to direct the relevant reponses for the researcher

Descriptive, structural (build on aspects of the descriptions), contrast, evaluation(feelings) - questions

Recording can avoid the pressure of note taking
Explain intentions with recordings

Transcription of data

Active listing is practiced in interviews to make sure they show they care and are listening

Question 12

data collection interviews

Answer 12

Indicative content analysis - thematic - re reading or re listening and analyse key phrases

Look at emergent themes
High order themes are big pictures that group together the low order themes
Credibility is maintained by re checking the data and making sure that the researchers interpretations reflect their views

Question 13

Intrinsic case studies:

Answer 13

have no intention to represent anything more than themselves - no intention of applying it elsewhere

Question 14

Instrumental case studies:

Answer 14

general phenomena of interests and then they can be applied outside of the case.

Question 15

case studies

Answer 15

Case studies include a range of research methods within them. Interviews, observations, documentation observation and questionnaires.

Generalizing:
Some argue that due to it not being replicable- it cannot be generalizable
Due to small and specific sample size, they are hard to apply

Question 16

questionnairs

Answer 16

different to surveys and are written