quiz 1 Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
explain: difference between anatomy and physiology
A
- anat.: investigates body’s structure
- physio.: investigates processes and func. of living things
2
Q
list + define: organizational levels from smallest to largest (6)
A
- chemical lvl (atoms)
- cell lvl
- tissue lvl (groups of cells)
- organ lvl (2+ tissues working together)
- organ sys. (groups of organs working together)
- organism lvl (any living thing)
3
Q
name + explain: body positions (3)
A
- anat. pos.
- body erect
- feet together
- palms forward - supine
- lying facing up - prone
- lying facing down
4
Q
explain: superior vs inferior
A
- superior/cephalic: toward head
- inferior/caudal: away from head
5
Q
explain: medial vs lateral
A
- medial: middle
- lateral: sides
6
Q
explain: proximal vs distal
A
- used for linear struc.
- proximal: closer to attachment point to torso
- distal: father from attachment point to torso
7
Q
explain: superficial vs deep
A
- superficial: shallow
- deep: deep
- relative to surface of body
8
Q
explain: anterior vs posterior
A
- anterior/ventral: front
- posterior/dorsal: back
9
Q
name + explain: body planes (3.5)
A
- sagittal
- vertical
- separates R and L of body - frontal/coronal
- vertical
- separates anterior and posterior - transverse/cross
- horizontal
- separates superior and inferior - oblique: not 90 degrees
10
Q
name + explain: planes through organs (2.5)
A
- longitudinal
- down the length of organ - cross/transverse
- cuts at a right angle to organ
- perpendicular to length - oblique: not 90 degrees
11
Q
name + explain: body cavities (3) and location of diaphragm
A
- thorasic cav.
- heart + lungs
- mediastinum: contains all struc. of thorasic cav. except for lungs - abdomonial cav.
- stomach, intestines, liver, splee, pancreas, kidneys - pelvic cav.
- urinary bladder, some large intestine, rep organs
- diaphragm divides body cav. into thorasic vs ab.pelv.
12
Q
define: serous mem. (inner and outer walls)
A
- mem. covering organs of trunk cavity
- also lines cav.
- inner wall = visceral
- outer wall = parietal
- cavity between mem. walls filled with serious fluid to reduce friction and prevent damage
13
Q
name + explain: types of serous mem. (3)
A
- pericardium
- SM around hear - pleura
- SM around lungs - peritoneum
- SM around organs of ab. cav.
- retroperitoneum org. = organs in ab. pev. cav. outside of SM
14
Q
define: homeostasis
A
- maintenance of constant envrt. w/in body
- ability to maintain internal equil. by adjusting physio. processes
15
Q
define: set point
A
- ideal normal value of var.
- can still fluctuate depending on sit. body is in
- ex. BP during exercise
⤷ body has greater demands ∴ normal range for BP increases
⤷ decreases back to normal set point after exercise
16
Q
define: components of feedback systems (3)
A
- receptor
- monitors value of the var.
- detects change/stim. - control center
- establishes set point
- usually in CNS (brain) - effector
- can change value of var.
- prod. resp. to stim.
- usually a target organ in body that can change
17
Q
explain: process of a feedback system
A
- stim. causes disruption to homeo.
- receptors detect the change from stim. + sends impulse/sig. to control center
- control center receives sig. and sends to effectors
- effectors make a resp. to alter the conditions
- body returns to homeo. when resp. brings conditions back to normal
18
Q
explain: -ive feedback sys. w/ ex.
A
- makes deviation from set point SMALLER
- resists change to try and maintain homeo.
- ex. body temp.
⤷ stim. = temp. increases
⤷ recep. on skin and blood vessels notice change
⤷ control center in brain sends resp. to sweat glands
⤷ effectors (sweat glands) produce sweat to cool body down
⤷ temp. decreases = homeo. restored
19
Q
explain: +ive feedback sys. w/ ex. (harmful and normal)
A
- makes deviation from set point even GREATER
- leads body away from homeo.
- unusual in healthy ppl
- harmful ex. hemorrhage
⤷ severe bleeding decreases blood pressure bc less blood circulating
⤷ less blood decreases heart’s ability to pump
⤷ decreases bp even more making heart worse - normal ex. child birth
⤷ stim. = contractions
⤷ receptors notice stretch in cervix
⤷ sig. sent to brain (control center) releases hormone (effector)
⤷ makes body contract more forcefully
⤷ even more stretching = more hormones = more stretching etc.
⤷ baby delivered = breaks cycle and body can work on returning to homeo.
20
Q
explain: timeline of pre-natal dev.
A
- germinal period
- first 2 weeks
- formation of primitive germ layers - embyronic period
- weeks 3 - 8
- organs sys. dev. - fetal period
- week 8 - birth (38 weeks)
- organ sys. dev. more and mature
21
Q
explain: ovulation and sperm swimming
A
- 14 days into menstrual cycle
- each menstrual cycle, ovary releases 1 gamete cell (secondary oocyte)
- 20 million sperm reach vagina -> 1% reach uterus -> 100 - 200 reach oocyte
- muscular contractions help push sperm up uterine tube towards ampulla region for fertilization
22
Q
explain: diff. between clinical age and post-ovulatory age
A
- clinical = based on clinical events
⤷ starts on date since last period
⤷ full term clinically = 40 weeks - post-ovulatory = starts after ovulation/at fertilization
⤷ ovulation = around 14 days after first day of last menstrual cycle
⤷ so post-ovulatory date = 14 days later than clinical
23
Q
explain: initial steps of fertilization
A
- sperm meets egg
- sperm pushes through corona radiata of secondary oocyte
- reaches zona pellucida which has ZP3 glycoprotein (sperm receptor) - acrosomal reaction
- acrosome of sperm binds to ZP3 receptor
- causes acrosomal reac.
- acrosomes of sperm have digestive enz. that activate when binding to ZP3
⤷ many sperm needed to digest zona pellucida - sperm enters ooctye
- 1 sperm binds to integrin α6β1 on oocyte plasma mem.
- causes depolarization (fast block for polyspermy)
- single sperm enters ooctye
24
Q
explain: blocks to polyspermy (fast vs slow) and why
A
- prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing oocyte
- fast = depolarization
⤷ elec. change to mem. shocks any other sperm trying to enter - slow = intracellular release of Ca causing exocytosis of H2O
⤷ Ca moving out of cell brings water with it making oocyte shrink
⤷ zona pellucida degrades when cell shrinks and ZP3 inactivates
⤷ no more sperm can attach to ZP3 so sperm can’t reach oocyte nucleus
25
explain: final stages of fertilization
4. female nucleus splits
- second meiotic division
- results in ovum and second polar body
5. female pronucleus and male pronucleus form
- female = ovum and nucleus
- male = sperm head
6. fuse to become zygote
- haploids fuse and become single nucleus zygote (diploid)
26
question: morula vs blastocyst
- morula: 12+ cells in solid ball
⤷ 5 days
⤷ totipotent: can diff. into anything
- blastocyst: new cell after hatching
⤷ 6 days
⤷ morula breaks free from ZP and secretes fluid
⤷ trophoblast layer on outside
⤷ has cells for embryo proper
⤷ cavity = blastocele (fluid filled)
⤷ pluripotent: only diff. into some cell types
27
define + explain: implantation (days 8 - 12)
- implantation: burrowing of blastocyst into uterine wall
- technically 7 days after fertilization
- trophoblast = 2 types
1. syncytiotrophoblast
- multinucleated cell invading endometrium
- digests blood (maternal arterioles)
- makes blood connection to embryo
- release human chorionic gonadotropin into maternal blood
2. cytotrophoblast
- remains close to embryo proper
⤷ separates embryo from mat. blood
28
define: lacunae and placenta
explain: implantation (days 14 - 20)
- lacunae: pools of blood from maternal arterioles after syncytiotrophoblasts digest
⤷ becomes supply of nutrients and O2 for embryo
- placenta: exchange of nutrients + waste between mother and embryo
- connecting stalk -> umbilical cord
29
explain: implantation (1 month)
- finger-like cytotrophoblasts become cytotrophoblast chords
- embryo begins building it's own blood vessels (circulatory system)
- cytotrophoblasts act as protective barrier between mat. and embryo blood
30
explain: mature placenta + fetus
define + explain: role of chorion
- cytotrophoblast chords become chorionic villi
⤷ fill w/ fetal arteriole and venules
⤷ connects to fetus via umbilical chord
- chorionic villi surrounded by large lacuna
- umbilical chord has 2 types of blood vessels:
1. umb. arteries: carries blood away from heart
2. umb. veins: carries blood towards heart
- mat. blood supply supplies oxygenated blood
⤷ arteries carry blood to chorionic villi -> umb. veins -> heart -> organs
- chorion: remaining syncytiotrophoblasts + basement mem.
⤷ separates mat. and fetus blood
**no more cytotrophoblasts
31
name + define: parts of embyronic disk and corresponding cavities
- disk = 2 layers
1. epiblast: 3 germ layers (becomes embryo)
2. hypoblast: contributes to extraembryonic mems.
⤷ syncytiotrophoblasts and am. sac. also contribute to extraembryonic tissues
- amniotic cavity: forms inside inner cell mass
⤷ surrounded amniotic sac
- yolk sac: forms inside blastocele from hypoblast
- am. cav. surrounds embryo
⤷ forms protective fluid bag
32
explain: formation of germ layers of epiblast
- process = gastrulation
⤷ day 13 - 14
- epiblast elongates and cells multiply
- region of cells thicken forming primitive streak
- cells move down to make 3 layered disk (embryonic disk)
33
name + explain: germ layers of epiblast (from deep -> superficial)
1. endoderm: inner layer
⤷ forms lining of digestive tract + derivatives
2. mesoderm: middle layer
⤷ forms tissues (bone, muscle, blood vessels)
⤷ forms notochord
3. ectoderm: outer later
⤷ forms skin + nerv. sys.
- endoderm cells move down the most, ectoderm cells don't move
34
question: what is notochord?
- solid cylinder of cells under ectoderm made of mesoderm cells
⤷ like a core
- (for humans) involved in induction
⤷ sig. ectoderm to form neural plate
- has oropharyngeal and cloacal mem.
⤷ to determine anus vs mouth
- becomes vertebral column
35
explain: formation of notochord
- day 16
- mesoderm cells form solid cylinder of cells
- forms under ectoderm
36
define: oropharyngeal vs cloacal mem.
- during formation of notochord
- oropharyngeal: becomes mouth = cephalic
- cloacal: becomes anus = caudal
37
question: how to differentiate between cephalic and caudal ends of embryo during notochord formation?
- caudal end = closer to primitive streak
- caudal = cloacal mem.
- cephalic end = further from primitive streak
⤷ looks wider? (in that one image from module)
- cephalic = oropharyngeal mem.
38
question: what is neural tube?
- formed from from thickened part of ectoderm (neural plate)
- plate forms tube and closes
- becomes CNS (brain and spinal cord)
39
explain: formation of neural tube
- days 18 - 26
- thickened part of ectoderm starts folding into midline
⤷ cephalic and caudal ends wrap around
- neural plate folds -> folds get deeper forming neural groove
- crests of neural folds get closer to form tube
40
question: what are the neural crests?
- general connective tissue of head
⤷ sensory and post ganglionic autonomic portions of PNS
- help form neural tube by moving closer together
- some neural crest cells break off when folding into tube to become other things
41
explain: formation of somites
- formed from mesoderm adjacent to neural tube
- becomes vertebral column, ribs and skeletal muscle
42
recap: steps of fertilization (8)
1. sperm pushes through corona radiata
2. sperm binds to ZP3
3. acrosomal reaction + penetrates zona pellucida
4. sperm binds to integrin α6β1 receptor -> depolarization of mem. to prevent polyspermy
5. oocyte's second meiotic division (form ovum and 2nd polar body)
6. female and male pronuclei form
7. pronuclei fuse to become zygote
43
recap: steps of implantation and other formations w/ dates
1. day 5 - morula forms
- inner cell mass form
2. days 8 - 12 (technically 7) - implantation happens
- syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
3. days 14 - 20 - connecting stalk -> umbilical, lacunae and placenta form
4. 1 month - cyto. -> cyto. chords + separating mat. and embryo blood, embryo making own circulatory sys.
5. mature fetus - cyto. chords -> chorionic villi, mom O2s blood
- chorion: remaining syncytio. + basement mem. separate mat. vs fet. blood
3. days 13 - 14 - embryonic disk forms
a) epiblast, hypoblast, yolk sac, am. sac
b) primitive streak
- gastrulation
c) ectoderm
d) endoderm
e) mesoderm
4. day 16 - notochord forms
5. neural plate forms
- notochord signals ectoderm to form plate
6. days 18 - 26 - neural tube forms
7. somites
- formed from mesoderm cells
