quiz 4 Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
name: 4 main regions of the brain + func.
A
- brainstem
⤷ connects spinal cord to brain
⤷ integration of reflexes + necessary for survival - cerebellum
⤷ lump on inferior anterior part of brain
⤷ controls locomotion, balance, posture - diencephalon
⤷ connects brainstem to cerebrum
⤷ coordinates output of pituitary
⤷ has: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus - cerebrum
⤷ 2 large hemispheres
⤷ controls concious thought (higher order thinking)
2
Q
name: protection for brain (3)
A
- cranial bones (8 bones)
- cranial meninges
⤷ pia
⤷ arachnoid
⤷ dura mater (meningeal layer + periosteal layer) - cerebrospinal fluid
3
Q
order: layers of protection for brain in order from deep to superficial (8)
A
- pia mater
- subarachnoid space
- arachnoid mater
- subdural space
- meningeal dura (dura mater layer)
- dural venous sinous
- periosteal dura (dura mater layer)
- cranial bone
4
Q
explain: types of meninges
A
- dura mater = dense irreg. CT = very strong
- at a groove: meningeal dura pulls away from periosteal
⤷ makes a space (dural venous sinous) that carries venous blood - arachnoid mater = thin layer of fibrous mem.
⤷ web like struc. - pia mater = very thin mem.
⤷ adheres to cerebrum + spinal cord - space in between arachnoid mater and pia mater = subarachnoid space (fills w/ CSF)
5
Q
explain: types of ventricles
A
- lateral ventricles (2 ventricles)
⤷ begin as 2 large C shaped cav. on sides of corpus callosum
⤷ primary site of CSF prod. (ependymal cells) - interventricular foramen
⤷ space from lat. vent. to 3rd vent. - third vent.
⤷ surrounds diencephalon - cerebral aqueduct
⤷ from midbrain to 4th vent.
⤷ CSF runs through it - fourth vent.
⤷ pons + medulla oblongata come in contact w/ cerebellum
⤷ has 3 apertures that allow CSF to enter subarachnoid space
6
Q
explain: CSF as protection
A
- serum-like fluid that lacks prot. but has nutrients (glucose)
- bathes + protects brain and spinal cord
- synthesized in choroid plexus in lat. vent.
7
Q
order: path of CSF flow
A
- choroid plexus (ependymal cells)
- lateral ventricles
- interventricular space
- 3rd ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct
- 4th ventricles
- apertures (1 median, 2 lateral) + central canal
- subarachnoid space
- arachnoid granulation
- superior sagittal sinus
8
Q
name: parts of brainstem (3)
A
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
9
Q
explain: medulla oblongata + location
A
- in brainstem (bottom part)
- transmits ascending + descending impulses between brain and spinal cord
- has pyramids and olives
10
Q
explain: roles of pyramids and olives + location
A
- in brainstem -> medulla oblongata
- pyramids = descending nerve tracts (white matter)
⤷ motor tracts = controls skeletal muscle
⤷ imp. for vital reflexes (heart rate, blood psi, respiratory sys., swallowing, coughing, sneezing) - olives = nuclei involved in balance, coordination, modulation of sound
⤷ nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, IX, X, XI, XII
⤷ redirects info to cerebellum
11
Q
explain: pons + location
A
- in brainstem (middle part)
- ascending + descending nerve tracts from cerebrum to spinal cord
- sleep center + respira. center
⤷ REM sleep - anterior = Pontine nuclei: comm. between cerebrum and cerebellum
- posterior = nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII , VIII
12
Q
explain: midbrain + location
A
- in brainstem (top part under diencephalon)
- nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, V
- tectum - 4 nuclei (mounds)
⤷ 2 superior colliculi (vis.)
⤷ 2 inferior colliculi (aud.) (startling noise reflex) - has cerebellar peduncles
13
Q
explain: cerebellar peduncles + location
A
- in brainstem -> midbrain
- bundles of axons
- basically a nerve tract
- white matter connections to cerebellum
- superior = midbrain to cerebellum
- middle = pons to cerebellum
- inferior = medulla oblongata to cerebellum
14
Q
explain: reticular formation + location
A
- in brainstem
- group of nuclei scattered throughout brainstem (reticular cloud)
- controls cyclic sys.
⤷ ex. sleep-wake specifically conciousness
15
Q
explain: cerebellum
A
- comms. w/ other regions of CNS
⤷ vis peduncles (brainstem parts) - 3 regions:
1. flocculonodular lobe: balance (from vis. and tactile info)
2. vermis: anterior = gross motor coor., posterior - fine motor
3. cerebellar (lat.) hemisphere = fine motor
16
Q
explain: lecture 12 case study (missing cerebellum)
A
- could still survive
- however could not fine tune complex motions
- other portions of brain may have taken over resp. of cerebellum
- dev. of skills (ex. walking, talking) took longer and still not completely fine tuned
17
Q
explain: diencephalon
A
- between brainstem and cerebrum
- 4 main components
⤷ thalamus
⤷ subthalamus
⤷ epithalamus
⤷ hypothalamus
18
Q
explain: thalamus + location
A
- in diencephalon (top oval-ish flaps)
- lat. parts connected by interthalamic adhesion
⤷ all surrounded by third vent. - receives most sensory info.
⤷ except smell
⤷ projects to cerebral cortex
19
Q
explain: subthalamus + location
A
- in diencephalon
⤷ inferior to thalamus - ascending + descending nerve tracts
⤷ many nerves bc pass through subthalamus to reach thalamus (sensory info) - subthalamic nucleus controls motor func.
20
Q
explain: epithalamus + location
A
- in diencephalon
⤷ posterior + superior to thalamus - 2 parts
1. habenula: emo./visceral resp. to odour
2. pineal gland: secretes melatonin
⤷ may influence puberty and menopause
**habenula above pineal gland, pineal gland = pinecone/small bean shaped thing
21
Q
explain: hypothalamus + location
A
- in diencephalon
⤷ most inferior part
⤷ very deep - has stalk
⤷ infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to pituitary - links nervous + endocrine sys.
- many clusters of nuclei (12+)
22
Q
explain: cerebrum
A
- outer: cerebral cortex (gray matter)
- in between: cerebral medullar (white matter)
- higher level processing
⤷ intellectual func.
23
Q
explain: cerebral cortex + location
A
- outer part of cerebrum
- gyri = outward bumps
- sulci = inward depressions
- fissures = deeper depressions
24
Q
name: types of fissures in cerebral cortex (5)
A
- longitudinal fissure = separates LR hemis.
- central sulcus = separates frontal + parietal lobes
- parietaloccipital sulcus = separates parietal and occipital lobes
- lateral fissure/lateral cerebral sulcus = separates temporal from frontal + parietal lobes
- transverse fissure = separates cerebrum from cerebellum
25
name: lobes of brain + func.
FPOT (fm, ps, ta, o)
⤷ frontal motor
⤷ parietal somatosensory
⤷ temporal auditory
⤷ occipital vision
1. frontal
- motor func.
- mood + aggression
2. parietal
⤷ touch, pressure, blood pH
⤷ most sensory info except smell, taste, vision, hearing
3. occipital
⤷ reception + integration of visual info
4. temporal
⤷ olfactory, auditory
⤷ memory
26
explain: pre and post central gyrus
- on either side of central sulcus
- pre = primary motor cortex (skeletal musc.)
- post = primary somatosensory cortex (no vis., aud., smell)
27
explain: cerebral medulla + location
- inner part of cerebrum
- nerve tracts connect cortex to other parts of CNS
- association, commissural, and projection fibers
28
explain: func. of fibers in cerebral medulla (3)
1. association fibers
⤷ connect areas cerebral cortex w/in same hemis.
2. commissural
⤷ connect cerebral hemis.
⤷ makes up corpus callosum
3. projection fibers
⤷ connects cerebrum to other parts of brain + spinal cord
