quiz 7 Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
name: general senses (5, 2) vs special senses (5)
A
GENERAL
- somatic
⤷ touch
⤷ pressure
⤷ proprioception
⤷ temperature
⤷ pain
- visceral
⤷ pressure
⤷ pain
SPECIAL
⤷ smell
⤷ taste
⤷ sight
⤷ hearing
⤷ balance
2
Q
name + define: types of sensors (5)
A
- mechanoreceptors: compression, bending, stretching of cells
⤷ change shape of receptor to trigger mvt. of ions
⤷ for touch, psi, proprioception, hearing - chemoreceptors: chem. become attached to recep. on their mem.
⤷ change mem. potential
⤷ for smell and taste - thermoreceptors: resp. to temp.
⤷ prot. embedded in mem. make it change w/ temp -> change in channels -> change in potential - photoreceptors: resp. to light
⤷ for vision - nociceptors: extreme mechanical/chem/thermal stim.
⤷ mechanorecep. for larger stim.
⤷ for pain
3
Q
name: classes of odours (7)
A
- camphoraceous
- musty
- floral
- pepperminty
- ethereal
- pungent
- putrid
4
Q
explain: diff. between primary and secondary olfactory cortex
A
- primary = conscious perception of smells
⤷ frontal, mostly temporal lobe - secondary - visceral and emo. rxn to smell
5
Q
explain: diff. in func. of basal cells and supporting cells (odour, gustation/taste buds)
A
- basal = help regenerate epithelium cells (every 2 weeks for olfaction, 10 days for taste buds)
- supporting cells = hold neurons in place
6
Q
explain: role of mucus in olfaction (no mucus? too much mucus?)
A
- produced by connective tissue layer
- odourants need to dissolve in mucus for them to bind to hairs to create smell
- too much mucus -> blocks the hairs
- no mucus -> can’t dissolve the odourants
7
Q
explain: adaptation to smells
A
- too many smells can saturate receptors
- saturated receptors can’t get any more signals
- causes decreased sensitivity
- synaptic inhibition:
⤷ neurons inhibit and block signals from going to cortex
8
Q
explain: pathway for olfaction
A
- odourant binds to chemoreceptors on hairs
- causes depol.
- depol. moves up bipolar cell to axon
⤷ brings info to cranial cav. - passes tissue + bone to reach olfactory bulb
- bulb carries info to brain
9
Q
explain: types of papillae (4)
A
- have pockets in taste buds
⤷ pockets hold taste receptors
- vallate = v shaped border between ant. and post.
⤷ largest but least numerous (8 - 12)
⤷ has taste buds - fungiform = mushroom shaped scattered on sup. part
⤷ has taste buds (around 5 per papillae) - filiform = flame shaped on sup. part
⤷ most abundant
⤷ rough surface to manipulate food
⤷ no taste buds - foliate = leaf shaped on lateral sides
⤷ has most sensitive taste buds
⤷ decrease in number w/ age
10
Q
explain: diff. between hairs of olfaction and gustation
A
- olfaction = cilia w/ chemoreceptors
- gustation = microvilli w/ chemoreceptors
11
Q
name: types of taste (4) + sort which ones are ions vs g-prot.
A
- salty
- sour
- sweet
- umami
- salty and sour = ions cause depol. (H+ sour, Na+ salty)
- sweet and umami = g-prot. activated
12
Q
explain: neuronal pathways for taste
A
- gustatory receptor cells
- cranial nerves VII, IX, X
⤷ 7 = anterior 2 thirds of tongue
⤷ 9 = posterior third of tongue
⤷ 10 = epiglottis and throat - synapses at medulla
- synapses at thalamus
- info goes to taste area of insula
⤷ insula = 5th ish lobe of brain
13
Q
explain: conjunctiva
A
- mucus membrane over sclera
- bulbar = covers sclera
- palpebral = lines eyelid
- attaches at palpebral fissure
- lines inside of eyelid before folding back to cover eye
- makes a pocket to protect inner organs
14
Q
explain: function of lacrimal caruncle, palpebral fissure and medial canthus
A
- lacrimal caruncle = produces eye boogers
- palpebra = eyelid
- palpebral fissure = opening for the eye/space between sup. and inf. palpebrae
- medial canthus/commissure = place where the palpebrae meet
15
Q
explain: flow of tears
A
- lacrimal gland secretes into lacrimal ducts
- ducts distribute tears over surface of eye
⤷ move towards medial commissure - superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi drain tears into lacrimal sac
- sac drains into nasolacrimal duct
- duct drains into nasal cavity
15
Q
name: directions the eye can look for lateral, medial, inferior, superior rectuses, and inferior and superior obliques
A
- lateral rectus = lateral
- medial rectus = medial
- inferior rectus = medial and inferior
- superior rectus = medial and superior
- inferior oblique = superior and lateral
- superior oblique = inferior and lateral
16
Q
explain: tunics of the eye (3)
A
- fibrous tunic (white part)
- sclera = for shape, protection, attachment of musc.
⤷ provides shape + protection - vascular tissue
- choroid = blood supply + absorbs scattered light
- anterior = ciliary body and iris
⤷ ciliary body = secretes aq. humor and changes shape of lens
⤷ iris = controls amount go light entering - retina
- inner most
- has photoreceptor cells
⤷ 120M rods, 6 - 7M cones
- gets light and converts it to receptor potentials and nerve impuses
17
Q
explain: func. of lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber
A
- lens = refracts light
- anterior cavity = holds aq. humor (supplies nutrients + holds shape)
- vitreous humor = holds vitreous body
⤷ keeps retina attached to choroid
18
Q
name: 3 chambers of the eye
A
- anterior
- posterior
- vitreous
19
Q
explain: route of circulation of aq. humor
A
- ciliary processes (produce aq. humor)
- posterior chamber
- pupil
- anterior chamber
- sinus at edge of cornea
20
Q
explain: vascular tunic + effect on lens
A
- outer musc. = radially
- inner musc. = circularly
- rest = suspensory ligaments pulled tight
⤷ pulls on lens making it flatter - circular musc. contract = smaller diameter -> less tension on suspensory ligaments
⤷ lens less flat, more sphere
21
Q
explain: iris and lens in dilation/constriction
A
- bright light = pupil constricts w/ sphincter pupillae (circular musc.)
⤷ iris contract = parasympathetic - dim light = pupil dilates w/ dilator pupillae (radial musc.)
⤷ iris contract = sympathetic
22
Q
explain: retina (parts of retina)
A
- fovea centralis = cones
- macula = more cones than rods
⤷ more visual acuity - optic disk = where nerve and blood supply enter
⤷ has blind spot w/ no photoreceptors
23
Q
explain: ways to bring an image to focus (3)
A
- accomodation
- ciliary musc. contract = more sphere = more refraction = more in focus - pupil constriction
- small pupil diameter = more in focus - convergence
- obj. moves closer -> eyes move medially to keep focusing on it
24
explain: photoreceptors (types, charac.)
1. rods
- has rhodopsin pigment
- non colour vision
- low light vision
- 120M
2. cones
- iodopsin
- colour vision
- high light vision
25
match: wave quality to hearing charac.
- volume = amplitude
- pitch = freq.
26
explain: diff. between endolymph and perilymph concentrations
- endolymph = high K+ low Na+
- perilymph = low K+ high Na+
27
explain: inner and outer hair cells in cochlear duct
- inner = detect sounds
- outer = regulate tension of basilar membrane
28
explain: inner hair cells
- have bundles of microvilli at apex = stereocilia
- tip-link = connects tip of each stereocilium to side of next longest stereocilium
- moving the stereocilium -> opening gates causing depol.
29
explain: process of depol. w/ inner hair cells
- unstimulated = spring gate relaxed
- stereocilia bend towards taller ones -> spring gate stretching
- K+ opens -> K+ enters cells causing depol.
30
explain: route of a wave through ear
1. waves enter external auditory canal and strick tympanic mem. -> vibrations
2. vibrations move to middle ear
3. footplate of stapes vib. oval window
⤷ causes perilymph in scala vestibula to vib.
4. vib of perilymph -> vib. of vestibular membrane -> vib. in endolymph -> displacement of basilar membrane -> mvt. of basilar membrane detected by hair cells
5. vib. of perilymph in scala vestibuli and vib. of tympanic mem. = transferred to perilymph of scala tympani
6. vib in perilymph of scala timpani = transferred to round window
31
explain: neuronal pathways for hearing
- hair cells depol. sends neurotransmitters to cochlear nerve
- travels to cochlear nuclei
⤷ controls pitch perception
⤷ sends sig. to basilar mem. to dampen loud noises
- goes to superior olivary nucleus (med. oblongata) and/or inferior colliculus (midbrain)
- goes to medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
- goes to primary auditory cortex (conscious perception of sound)
32
explain: static equil. (static labyrinth)
- macula of utricle and saccule
STATIC LABYRINTH
- hair cells stim. by otoliths
- otoliths move in resp. to gravity -> changes pattern of action potential
⤷ otoliths moving causes tip-links to open
- subconcious perception = subtle changes to back + neck musc.
- restores head to neutral position
- otolithic mem. = gelatinous mem. to hold hairs in place
33
explain: dynamic equil.
- Semicircular Canals
DYNAMIC/KINETIC LABYRINTH
- cupula moves in opp. direction of head
- stim. stops when fluid in canals catches up w/ cupula
- mvt of head stopping but endolymph still moves
- accel = cupula in opp. direction
- decel = cupula in same direction
34
explain: neural pathway of balance
- vestibular nerve
- vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata
⤷ goes to either cerebellum, thalamus, or motor nuclei
- cerebellum = subtle adjustments
- thalamus -> vestibular area of cortex
- moto nuclei (controls eye muc.)
