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kinesiol 2y03 > quiz 11 > Flashcards

quiz 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

define: motor unit

A
  • somatic motor neuron and all the musc. fibers it serves
  • 1 motor unit has control over many musc fibers
  • # of fibers dep. on which musc.
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2
Q

question: how many fiber types in one motor neuron?

A
  • only 1 per motor neuron
  • if many fiber types -> many diff. properties (so only 1)
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3
Q

question: how can strength of contraction change?

A
  • change # of recruited motor units

**can’t go past max
⤷ bc all motor units would be responding already

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4
Q

define: asynchronous recruitment

A
  • alternate motor units allow continuous contraction
  • prevents tiring out too quickly (ex. if all respond at same time)
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5
Q

question: in what order are motor units recruited?

A
  • from weak to strong
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6
Q

question: how to build up strength in a musc?

A
  • strength training -> more sarcomeres
  • not more musc. fibers
  • more myofibrils in each fiber
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7
Q

name + define: contraction types (2)

A
  1. isometric
    - musc. length no change, tension increases
    - static
    - ex. posture
    - myosin heads pull on actin but ext. force is equal so no change
  2. isotonic
    - musc. length change, tension constant
    ⤷ force is constant
    - dynamic
    - 2 types: concentric and eccentric
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8
Q

name + define: types of isotonic contractions

A
  1. concentric = musc. shortens when tension overcomes resistance
    - myosin head force overcomes ext. force
    - myosin pulls actin -> sarcomere short -> musc. short
  2. eccentric = musc. lengthens when resistance greater than tension
    - myosin heads working as hard as possible but ext. force = more
    - actin pulled away from M-line
    - tug of war
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9
Q

name: example of concentric vs eccentric contractions

A
  • concentric = bicep curl
  • eccentric = releasing bicep curl
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10
Q

name: fiber types

A
  1. type I
  2. type IIa
  3. type IIx
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11
Q

explain: type I fibers

A
  • slow twitch, high oxidative -> slow oxidative
  • slow ATP breakdown
  • smaller (not as strong)
  • more mito. (makes a lot of ATP w/ ox. metabolism)
  • better blood supply
  • fatigue resistant
  • ex. posture musc.
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12
Q

explain: type IIa fibers

A
  • fast twitch, low oxidative -> fast oxidative glycolytic
    ⤷ does non oxidative glycolysis
  • fast ATP breakdown
    ⤷ faster cross bridge cycling
  • larger than type I
  • less mito.
  • less blood supply
  • less aerobic capacity
    ⤷ more fatigable
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13
Q

explain: type IIx fibers

A
  • fast glycolytic
  • largest
    ⤷ strongest
  • least mito.
  • least blood supply
  • lowest aerobic capacity
  • fatigable
    ⤷ only uses carbs bc can’t use ox. metabolism

**non ox. metabolism -> faster ATP prod.
⤷ needed bc more myofibrils -> greater force

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14
Q

question: what can and can’t training do for musc. fiber types?

A

CAN’T
- change from type I to II
⤷ bc cant change type of myosin ATPase (I = slow, II = fast)

CAN
- change from IIa to IIx and IIx to IIa
- a to x = strength training
- x to a = aerobic training

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15
Q

question: tendon vs ligament?

A
  • tendon = musc. to bone
  • ligament = bone to bone
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16
Q

define: aponeurosis

A
  • very broad tendon
  • sheet like
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17
Q

name: important head + neck musc.

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
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18
Q

name: mvt. possible in head + neck musc. (+func.)

A
  • flexion (ant. musc.)
  • extension (post. musc.)
  • rotation + lat. flexion (lat. and post. groups)
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19
Q

explain: sternocleidomastoid (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

HEAD AND NECK - lat. musc. w/ 2 heads

  • origin: manubrium of sternum + clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process
  • forward flexion (contract all)
  • rotation + lat. flexion (contract one side)
    ⤷ rotate opp. side
    ⤷ flexion same side
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20
Q

explain: trapezius (origin, insertion, mvt.) (head and neck)

A

HEAD AND NECK - post. musc.

  • origin: broad, along vert.
  • insertion: scapula + clavicle
  • extension + lat. flexion
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21
Q

name: important musc. that move vert. column

A
  • erector spinae
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22
Q

explain: mvt. possible in vert. column (+ func.)

A
  • keep erect posture
    ⤷ extension, lat. flexion, rotation

**2 groups of musc. (deep vs superficial)

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23
Q

define: deep vs superficial musc. in vert. column

A
  • deep = vertebra to vertebra
  • superficial = from vertebrae to ribs
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24
Q

explain: erector spinae (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

VERT. COLUMN

  • 3 groups
    ⤷ spinalis (med.)
    ⤷ longissimus (intermediate)
    ⤷ iliocostalis (lat.)
  • vulnerable to injury bc adapted for posture, not force
  • lat. flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
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25
name: important thorasic musc.
- scalenes - external intercostals - internal intercostals - transverse thoracis - diaphragm
26
explain: mvt. possible in thorasic musc. (+ func.)
- allows increase and decrease of V when breathing - elevation + depression (ribs) - flattening diaphragm
27
explain: scalenes (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THORASIC - 3 musc. - elevates first 2 ribs
28
explain: external intercostals (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THORASIC - elevates ribs - musc. runs superficial to deep ⤷ inferior part of top rib to superior part of bottom rib - musc. fibers in direction of hand in pocket
29
explain: internal intercostals (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THORASIC - depresses ribs - deeper than external intercostals - pulls inferior rib back in place - musc. fibers in direction perpendicular to ext. intercostals
30
explain: transverse thoracis (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THORASIC - depresses ribs - origin: sternum - insertion: costal cartilage
31
explain: diaphragm (mvt.)
THORASIC - inspiration - flattens during contraction - increases V of thorasic cavity - separates thorasic and abdominal cav.
32
name: important musc. in abdominal wall
- rectus abdominus - external abdominal oblique - internal abdominal oblique - transversus abdominus
33
explain: mvt. possible in abdominal wall (+ func.)
- expiration, vomiting, defecation, urination, childbirth - supports organs - no bones - flexion + rotation (vert. column) - compression ⤷ decreases V of thorasic and abdominal cav.
34
explain: rectus abdominus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
AB WALL - most medial - rectus (up and down fiber) - flexion (vert. column) - compression
35
explain: external abdominal oblique (origin, insertion, mvt.)
AB WALL - most superficial - oblique fibers (hand in pocket) - flexion (vert. column) - rotation (vert. column) - compression
36
explain: internal abdominal oblique (origin, insertion, mvt.)
AB WALL - fibers run in opp. direction to external oblique - flexion - rotation - compression
37
explain: transversus abdominus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
AB WALL - deepest - fibers follow transverse plane - compression (ab. cav.)
38
name: important scapular musc.
- trapezius - levator scapular - rhomboideus - serratus anterior - pectoralis minor
39
explain: mvt. possible in scapular musc. (+ func.)
- attach upper limb to body - move + stabilize scapular and clavicle - originate on axial skeleton
40
explain: trapezius (origin, insertion, mvt.) (scapular)
SCAPULAR - origin: vert. - insertion: spine of scapula - post to scap. - elevation + depression - rotation
41
explain: levator scapulae (origin, insertion, mvt.)
SCAPULAR - origin: cervical vert. - insertion: top of scapula - deeper than trapezius - elevation - rotation
42
explain: rhomboideus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
SCAPULAR - origin: vert. - insertion: med. border of scap. - major and minor = based on size ⤷ major = lower and more inferior - rower's musc. - contraction ⤷ squaring shoulders - retraction
43
explain: serratus anterior (origin, insertion, mvt.)
SCAPULAR - origin: lat. part of ribs - insertion: med. border of scap. - ant. to scap. ⤷ holds it in place - sawtooth + serrated - boxer's musc. - protraction
44
explain: pectoralis minor (origin, insertion, mvt.)
SCAPULAR - origin: from 3 - 5 ribs - insertion: coracoid process of scap. - depression
45
name: important arm musc.
- pec major - latissimus dorsi - deltoid
46
explain: mvt. possible in arm musc. (+ func.)
- attach arm to thorax (pec major + lat. dorsi) - abduction - med. and lat. rotation - flexion + extension
47
explain: pectoralis major (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ARM - ant. musc. - origin: broad, on thorasic cage - insertion: lat. side of humerus - fan shaped - flexion - adduction - med. rotation **extension only is arm is already flexed
48
explain: latissimus dorsi (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ARM - post. of body - origin: broad, where trapezius leaves off (on vert.) - insertion: ant. of humerus - extension - adduction - med. rotation
49
explain: deltoid (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ARM - origin: broad, on scapular and clavicle - insertion: lat. side of humerus - cap over shoulder - abduction - med. + lat. rotation - flexion + extension
50
name: important rotator cuff musc.
SITS - subscapularis - infraspinatus - teres minor - supraspinatus
51
explain: mvt. possible in rotator cuff musc. (func.)
- holds humerus in glenoid cav. ⤷ fixates biceps brachii - cuff/cap for proximal humerus - abduction + adduction - rotation
52
explain: subscapularis (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ROTATOR CUFF - opposing musc. to infraspinatus - origin: broad, on med. ridge of humerus - insertion: ant. side of humerus - belly: subscapular fossa area - med. rotation
53
explain: infraspinatus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ROTATOR CUFF - origin: broad, on med. post. side of scap. - insertion: lat. side of humerus - belly: in infraspinatus fossa - lat. rotation
54
explain: teres minor (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ROTATOR CUFF - origin: lower scap. border - insertion: greater tubercle - adduction - lat. rotation - extension (but isn't the primary mvt.)
55
explain: supraspinatus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
ROTATOR CUFF - origin: broad, med. border of scap. - insertion: top of humerus - belly: in supraspinatus fossa - abduction ⤷ pulls up on humerus
56
name: important forearm musc.
- triceps brachii - anconeus - biceps brachii - brachioradialis - brachialis - supinator - pronator quadratus - pronator teres
57
explain: mvt. possible in forearm musc. (+ func.)
- extension - flexion - supination - pronation
58
question: which forearm musc. do extension, flexion, supination, pronation?
EXTENSION - triceps brachii - anconeus FLEXION - biceps brachii - brachioradialis - brachialis SUPINATION - supinator - biceps brachii PRONATION - pronator quadratus - pronator teres
59
explain: triceps brachii (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - post. side of humerus - origin: scap. and humerus - insertion: olecranon process of ulna - 3 heads - extension
60
explain: anconeus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - origin: distal humerus - insertion: olecranon - small musc. belly - extension
61
explain: biceps brachii (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - ant. side of humerus - origin: scap. - insertion: radius - 2 heads - flexion - supination
62
explain: brachioradialis (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - origin: distal end of humerus - insertion: radius - musc. belly mostly in forearm - flexion
63
explain: brachialis (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - origin: mid humerus - insertion: ulna - deeper than triceps brachii - flexion
64
explain: supinator (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - post. deep side - origin: ulna and humerus - insertion: radius - supination
65
explain: pronator quadratus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - ant. distal side between ulna and radius - pronation
66
explain: pronator teres (origin, insertion, mvt.)
FOREARM - ant. side - exactly opposite to supinator - pronation
67
name: important wrists + hands + fingers musc.
- thenar musc. - hypothenar musc. **intrinsic hand musc.
68
explain: mvt. possible by musc. in wrists + hands + fingers
EXTRINSIC (ant. forearm) - flexion (wrist + hand + fingers) - adduction + abduction (wrist) EXTRINSIC (post. of forearm) - extension (wrist + hand+ fingers) - abduction (wrist) INTRINSIC - adduction + abduction of hand - opposition + reposition of fingers
69
question: why are there extrinsic musc. for the hands?
- if musc. bellies were in hands -> less dexterity - instead: bellies in forearm, really long tendons to hands
70
explain: thenar + hypothenar musc. (mvt.)
HANDS + WRISTS + FINGERS - thenar = adduction + abduction (hand) - hypothenar = opposition + reposition of fingers
71
name: important thigh musc.
- iliacus + psoas major (iliopsoas) - thigh rotators - sartorius - gluteals - tensor fasciae latae
72
explain: mvt. possible in thigh musc.
- flexion (hip) - extension (thigh) - abduction - lat. rotation **all musc. that move femus originate from hip and insert on femur
73
explain: illiopsoas (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THIGH - anterior - illiacus + psoas major share tendon of insertion - insertion: proximal part of femur - flexion (hip)
74
explain: thigh rotators (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THIGH - deep - lat. rotation
75
explain: sartorius (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THIGH - origin: lat. of hip - insertion: med. of tibia - allows cross leg position - flexion (hip + knee) - lat. rotation (thigh)
76
explain: gluteals (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THIGH - posterolat. - maximus = most superficial + largest - medius = deeper - minimus = deepest - post. of thigh - abduction **maximus also does extension and lat. rot.
77
explain: tensor fasciae (origin, insertion, mvt.)
THIGH - posterolat. - origin: hip - insertion: leg bones - runs down lat side and crosses knee joint - stabilizes femur when standing - flexion - abduction (hip)
78
question: which thigh musc. are anterior, deep, posterolat.?
- ant. = iliopsoas - deep = thigh rotator - posterolat. = gluteals and tensor fasciae latae
79
name: important leg. musc.
- med. thigh musc. - post. thigh musc. - biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - quadriceps femoris
80
explain: mvt. possible in leg musc. (+ func.)
- adduction (thigh) - flexion (knee, hip) - extension (hip, leg at knee) - lat. rotation (leg)
81
explain: medial thigh musc. (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - adduction (thigh) - from hip to medial femur
82
explain: posterior thigh musc. (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - hamstrings = 3 musc. ⤷ cross hip and knee joint - flexion (knee) - extension (hip)
83
explain: biceps femoris (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - lat. + superficial - lat. rotation - flexion (knee) - extension (hip)
84
explain: semitendinosus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - med. - flexion (knee) - extension (hip)
85
explain: semimembranosus (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - deep - flexion (knee) - extension (hip)
86
explain: quadriceps femoris (origin, insertion, mvt.)
LEG - ant. of thigh - 4 parts 1. rectus femoris 2. vastus intermedius 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus lateralis - origin: hip (rectus femoris) and thigh (vastuses) - rectus femoris = flexion (thigh and hip) - vastuses = extension (knee) - all join at patellar ligament
87
name: important ankles + feet + toes musc.
- ant., lat. and post. compartments **post. has gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus (extrinsic)
88
explain: mvt. possible by musc. in ankles + feet + toes
EXTRINSIC (ant.) = extensors - dorsiflexion - eversion + inversion - extension (toes) EXTRINSIC (lat.) - plantar flexion + extension EXTRINSIC (post.) - superficial = plantar flexion - deep = plantar flexion, inversion, flexion (toes) INTRINSIC - adduction + abduction of hand - opposition + reposition of fingers TOES - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
89
question: what and where is the calcaneal?
- Achilles - tendon of insertion for superficial posterior compartment musc. ⤷ gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
90
question: what would happen if someone's calcaneal was severed?
- no plantar flexion - loss of connection for gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus ⤷ achilles = common insertion for them

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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