quiz 10 Flashcards
(29 cards)
1
Q
name: types of mvt. at synovial joints (4)
A
- gliding mvt.
- angular mvt.
- circular mvt.
- special mvt.
2
Q
explain: gliding mvt.
A
- usually at plane joints
- ex. vertebrae, carpals (to help w. dexterity)
⤷ not the connection between the bodies of vert. but the inferior and anterior articular processes (where vert. form joint w/ each other)
3
Q
define: angular mvt.
A
- one part of linear struc. gets bent relative to the other part
4
Q
explain: flexion + extension + hyperextension
A
ANGULAR MVT
-
flexion + extension + hyperextension
⤷ flexion: decreases angle, mvt. in anterior direction
⤷ extension: increases angle, mvt. in posterior direction
⤷ hypertension: extend past anat. pos.
**except for knee flexion and lateral flexion
5
Q
explain: plantar flexion + dorsiflexion
A
ANGULAR MVT
-
plantar flexion + dorsiflexion of ankle
⤷ plantar = mvt. towards plantar surface of foot (pointing toe)
⤷ dorsiflexion = mvt. away from plantar (flexing foot)
6
Q
explain: abduction and adduction
A
ANGULAR MVT
-
abduction + adduction
⤷ ab.tion = mvt. away from midline
⤷ add.ion = mvt. towards midline
7
Q
explain: rotation
A
CIRCULAR MVT
-
rotation
⤷ turning a struc. around long axis
⤷ ex. head rotates at dens of C2
⤷ ex. humerus rotates at shoulder joint
⤷ ex. lat. and med/ rotation of knee
8
Q
explain: pronation and supination
A
CIRCULAR MVT
-
pronation + supination
⤷ rotation at forearm
⤷ pronation = radius and ulna bones cross
⤷ supination = radius and ulna bones don’t cross (parallel)
9
Q
explain: circumduction
A
CIRCULAR MVT
-
circumduction
⤷ flexion, extension, ab.tion, add.tion
⤷ ex. ball and socket joints
10
Q
define: special mvt.
A
- mvt.s unique to 1 - 2 joints
11
Q
explain: elevation and depression (scapula and mandible)
A
SPECIAL MVT
-
elevation + depression for scap. and mandible
⤷ elevation = moving superiorly
⤷ depression = moving inferiorly
⤷ scap.= shrugging up and down
⤷ mandible = opening and closing mouth (open = depression)
12
Q
explain: protraction and retraction (mandible, scapula, clavicle
A
SPECIAL MVT
-
protraction + retraction for mandible, scap., clavicle
⤷ protraction = ant. mvt. in transverse plane
⤷ retraction = post. mvt. in transverse plant
⤷ clavicle + scap. = hunching forward = protraction, squaring shoulders = retraction)
⤷ mandible = jutting jaw out = protraction (vv)
13
Q
explain: inversion and eversion (intertarsals)
A
SPECIAL MVT
-
inversion + eversion for intertarsals (not ankle bc ankle = hinge)
⤷ inversion = turning ankle, plantar facing medially (inwards)
⤷ eversion - turning ankle, plantar facing laterally
14
Q
explain: opposition and reposition (metacarpals)
A
SPECIAL MVT
-
opposition + reposition
⤷ opp.tion = thumb + pinky touch
⤷ reposition = fingers return to normal
**opp.tion for other fingers touching thumb but other fingers also have flexion in phalanx
15
Q
name: functions of skeletal musc. systems (5) + define: skeletal musc
A
- body mvt.
- maintenance of posture
- respiration
- prod. of body heat
- communication
**the only type of musc. that is conciously controlled
16
Q
name + define: properties of musc. (4)
A
- contractibility
⤷ ability to contract - excitability
⤷ capability to respond to stim. by producing AP - extensibility
⤷ musc. can be stretched beyond resting length + still be able to contract - elasticity
⤷ ability to recoil to OG length after being stretched
17
Q
name: layers of skeletal musc. fiber in order deep to superficial
A
- endomysium holds musc. fibers -> fascicles
- fascicle
- perimysium holds fascicles together
- epimysium holds musc.
- muscular fascia holds many musc.
**superficial to deep = fascicle -> musc. fiber -> myofibril -> myofilaments and sarcomere
18
Q
explain: fascicle struc.
A
- multinuclear but nuclei pushed to outside edge
- transverse tubules = extension (invagination) of sarcolemma
⤷ sarcolemma = plasma membrane for musc. cell - having transverse tubules allows mvt. of AP to go through cell, not just around
19
Q
explain: musc. fiber structure
A
- transverse tubules wrap around myofibrils (allow AP mvt.)
- AP drops into transverse tubule -> sends sig. to SR
- Ca released into myofibril region -> stimulates musc. contraction
- terminal cisterna store Ca
- triad = terminal cisterna, transverse tubule, terminal cisterna
20
Q
explain: myofibrils
A
- sarcomere = individual units of myofibril
- 1 sarcomere = from 1 z-disk to another
- 1 actin and 1 myosin together
21
Q
explain: actin myofilaments
A
- thin
- lighter colour
- has active sites for myosin to bind
⤷ covered by tropomyosin (covers F actin) - troponin binds to G actin, Ca, and tropomyosin -> moves troponin off active sites
- myosin can bind
22
Q
explain: myosin myofilaments
A
- thick
- darker colour
- golf club shaped
- myosin head has myosin ATPase
⤷ needs to break down ATP for E for myosin to bind + move actin
23
Q
explain: sarcomere organization
A
- z-disk = attachment for actin myofilaments
- titin = elastic chains of AA
- I bands = from z-disks to ends of thick filament (only actin)
- A bands = length of thick filaments (entire myosin)
- H zone = region of A band where actin + myosin don’t overlap (only myosin)
- M line = middle of H zone (delicate filaments hold myosin in place)
- each sarcomere = associated w/ 2 transverse tubules
24
Q
recap: pathway for AP to cause musc. contraction
A
- AP goes through transverse tubule
- releases Ca
- Ca binds to troponin
- changes the shape of troponin + moves tropomyosin off active sites
- myosin binds to actin
- myosin moves towards middle pulling z-disks toward m-line
- sarcomere gets shorter -> musc. shorter = musc. contraction
25
name: types of skeletal musc. contraction (4)
- sliding filament mechanism
- cross-bridge cycle
- neuromuscular junction
- excitation-contraction coupling
26
explain: sliding filament mechanism
- myosin heads attach to actin + pull z-disks to m-line
⤷ causes shorter h-zone (more overlap)
⤷ causes shorter i-band (myosin moving towards z-disk)
- a-band doesn't change
- maximally contracted = no h-zone (bc entirely overlapped) and no i-band (myosin reached z-disk)
**myosin don't all overlap at the same time bc otherwise they would all let go at the same time and the actin would be pulled away
⤷ alternate like tug of war
27
explain: cross-bridge cycle (contraction cycle)
1. Ca binds to troponin -> exposes active sites
2. myosin binds to actin -> forms cross bridge + myosin heads release phosphate (ATP -> ADP)
3. cross bridges rotate towards center of sarcomere (power stroke), myosin moves towards m-line + ADP released
4. myosin heads bind ATP making cross bridges release from actin
5. myosin heads have ATPase to break down ATP -> myosin reorient and start again but now from a spot closer to z-disk
6. repeat from step 2
28
explain: pathway of neuromuscular junction
- motor end plate = region of sarcomeres that has Ach ligand gated ion channels
- nerve impulses open Ca channels -> Ca rushing in
- Ca stim. vesicles to move to mem + release Ach into syn. cleft
- Ach binds to ligand gated channels on sarcolemma
⤷ increases permeability of ligand gated Na channels
- Na enters cell + depol. postsyn. mem
- reaches postsyn. AP threshold -> AP
- Ach broken down in cleft into aacetic A + choline
⤷ acetic A = taken up by other cell types
⤷ choline = reabsorbed by presyn. term + added to acetic A to make more Ach
29
explain: pathway of excitatory-contraction coupling
- musc. AP propagates along sarcolemma into t-tubules
- Ca channels in SR open
⤷ releases Ca into sarcoplasm
- Ca binds to troponin -> changes shape of troponin-tropomyosin complex
- tropomyosin moves off myosin binding sites
- heads of myosin can bind to actin -> cross bridge forms
