quiz 9

Question 1

define: function of vertebral column

Answer 1

• supports weight of head and trunk
• protect spinal cord
• allows spinal nerves to exit cord (from intervertebral foramen)
• allows mvt. (head and trunk)
• 26 vertebrae (7, 12, 5, 1, 1)
  ⤷ cervical, thorasic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
  ⤷ sacral = 5 fused into one
  ⤷ coccygeal = 4 fused into 1

Question 2

explain: intervertebral disks

Answer 2

• made up of fibrocartilage
• between vertebral bodies
• provides support
• absorbs vertical shock + allows mvt.
• herniated disk = rupture towards posterolateral side
  ⤷ bulges through the annulus fibrosus
  ⤷ compresses + impairs nerves
  ⤷ posterolateral side bc we carry most of our mass on the anterior side
  ⤷ posterior side is stretched thin when bending forward and gelatinous mass is pushed to the side

Question 3

explain: thoracic cage

Answer 3

• protects vital organs
• semi-rigid
• includes thoracic vert., ribs, costal cartilage, sternum
• 12 pairs of ribs

Question 4

name: numbers of ribs and classification

Answer 4

• 12 pairs of ribs
• 7 = true ribs
  ⤷ vertebrosternal
  ⤷ connect vertebrae to sternum
• 5 = false ribs
  ⤷ 3 = vertebralchondral
  ⤷ 2 = floating/vertebral

Question 5

explain: pectoral girdle (+ attachment to upper limbs)

Answer 5

• pectoral girdle = scapula and clavicle
• clavicle articulation = medial and lateral
  ⤷ medial: w/ sternum @ sternoclavicular joint
  ⤷ lateral: w/ scapula @ acromioclavicular joint
• upper limbs attach to pectoral girdle at glenohumoral joint

Question 6

explain: scapula (+ attachments to other bones)

Answer 6

• coracoid process: attachment point for musc. that extend that extend down to upper limb
• supraspinous and infraspinous fossa: allows musc. to sit and attach to scapular spine
• subscapular fossa: attaches musc.
• acromion process: joint w/ clavicle
• ridges on scapula line up w/ ribs

Question 7

explain: clavicle (+ attachments to other bone)

Answer 7

• lateral curve = concave
• medial curve = convex
• middle part = switching between curves
  ⤷ weakest part
• lateral end = acromial
• sternal end = sternal
• joint to scapula
  ⤷ acromial end of clavicle + acromion process of scapula

Question 8

explain: arm (humerus) (+ attachment to other bones)

Answer 8

• attachment to scapula at glenohumeral joint
• attachment to radius at capitulum
• attachment to ulna at trochlea
• olecranon fossa: allows space for elbow when arm is straight
  ⤷ olecranon = elbow

Question 9

explain: forearm (+ attachments to other bones)

Answer 9

• radius = outside bone (lateral) in anatomical position
• proximal end = ulna big, radius small
• distal end = ulna small, radius big
• elbow = mostly ulnar bone
• radius head rotates relative to capitulum
  ⤷ attachment to humerus)
• joint to wrist bones = ellipsoid

Question 10

explain: wrist bones

Answer 10

• carpals
• proximal row and articulates w/ radius
• distal row articulates w/ metacarpal bones

Question 11

name: carpal bones (in rows)

Answer 11

• proximal row (lateral to medial)
  1. scaphoid
  2. lunate
  3. triquetum
  4. pisiform
• distal row (lateral to medial)
  1. trapezium
  2. trapezoid
  3. capitate
  4. hamate

Question 12

explain: hands

Answer 12

• metacarpals and phalanges
• 5 metacarpals
  ⤷ 1 - 5 starting at thumb
• thumb = lateral
• first long bones = metacarpal
• other long bones = digits (phalanges)

Question 13

explain: pelvic girdle + lower limb

Answer 13

• girdle = ring of bone connecting axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
• girdle = illium, ischium, pubis, coxa

Question 14

explain: pelvis

Answer 14

• pubic symphysis = firbocartilage
• obturator foramen = space for obturator nerve to travel to lower limbs
• acetabulum = where lower limbs articulate w/ pelvic girdle

Question 15

question: what is the difference between pelvic girdle and bony pelvis

Answer 15

• ring = pelvic girdle
• bony pelvis = pelvic girdle + coccyx bone

Question 16

explain: thigh

Answer 16

• femur bone
• femur = longest + strongest bone
• patella = small bone covering knee (knee cap)
  ⤷ seismic bone (embedded in tendon)
• patellar groove = under patella
• neck of femur = narrow (fractures often)

Question 17

explain: leg (+ attachments to other bones)

Answer 17

• fibula = outside
  ⤷ fibuLA = LAteral
• tibia = bigger
• medial malleolus = ankle joint
• lateral malleolus = also forms ankle bone

Question 18

explain: foot

Answer 18

• tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
• 7 tarsal bones
  1. talus
  2. calcaneus
  3. navicular
  4. first (medial) cuneiform
  5. second (intermediate) cuneiform
  6. third (lateral) cuneiform
  7. cuboid
• metatarsals labelled medially -> laterally

Question 19

name: structure (3) and function (3) classification for joints

Answer 19

STRUCTURE
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial

FUNCTION
1. synarthrosis (nonmoveable)
2. amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3. diarthrosis (freely movable)

Question 20

explain: fibrous joints (3)

Answer 20

• bones united by fibrous CT
• no joint cavity
• no movement
• 3 types
  1. sutures
  2. syndesmosis
  3. gomophoses

Question 21

explain: types of fibrous joints

Answer 21

1. sutures
   - dense regular collagen out CT
   - seams of bone
   - have irregular locking bone edges
   ⤷ give strength
2. syndesmosis
   - dense regular CT
   - joined by ligaments
   - bones = further apart than suture
   - some mvt.
   - most of these articulations are amphiarthrosis
3. gomphoses
   - for teeth
   - peg and socket
   ⤷ peg = root of tooth
   ⤷ socket = alveolar processes
   - allows for some mvt
   ⤷ for chewing
   ⤷ bc held by bundles of CT (periodontal ligaments = regular collagenous tissue)

Question 22

explain: cartilaginous joints (2)

Answer 22

• joints united by hyaline or fibrocart.
• 2 types:
  1. synchondrosis
  2. symphysis

Question 23

explain: types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 23

1. synchondrosis
   - hyaline cart.
   - no mvt (synarthrosis)
   - temporary joints
   ⤷ get ossified as we age
   - ex. epiphyseal plate
2. symphysis
   - jointed by fibrocart.
   - somewhat flexible
   - ex. vertebral disks, junction between manubrium (sternum) and body

Question 24

explain: synovial joints (6) and types of mvt. (3)

Answer 24

• have synovial fluid
  ⤷ prod. by synovial mem.
  ⤷ has hyaluronic acid = slippery (acts as lubricant to reduce wear and tear on bones)
• allows a lot of mvt.
• 6 types:
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. ellipsoid
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
• 3 types of mvt.:
  1. uniaxial/monoaxial
  2. biaxial
  3. multiaxial (triaxial)