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Human Form and Funciton > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false… the axial skeleton includes the pelvis

A

False

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2
Q

The axial plane in the head is analogous to the ____ plane in the rest of the body

A

Transverse

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3
Q

All synovial joints are _____ joints

A

Diarthroses (freely moveable)

Synarthroses are immovable joints (like the fibrous sutures in the skull)

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4
Q

What is the difference between perimysium and epimysium?

A

Perimysium surrounds fiber bundles whereas epimysium surrounds the entire muscle

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5
Q

The levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles are innervated by

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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6
Q

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by ____, can adduct the humerus and cause it to rotate _____

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

Medially

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7
Q

Serratus posterior is innervated by ____

A

Dorsal rami

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8
Q

Name the two splenius muscles

A

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

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9
Q

Name the three transversospinalis muscles

A

Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus

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10
Q

All of the suboccipital muscles rotate the head except for one. This muscle tilts the head. What muscle is this?

A

Obliqus capitis superior

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11
Q

What nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

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12
Q

the upper subscapular nerve innervates….

A

Supscapularis only

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13
Q

The lower subscapular nerve innervates …

A

Subscapularis aaaaaand teres MAJOR

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14
Q

True or false… epithelium is typically avascular

A

True

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15
Q

Cells are anchored to the basement membrane via ____

A

Hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Name the three layers of the basement membrane from superficial to deep

A

Lamina lucida

Lamina densa (collagen 4)

Lamina fibroreticularis (collagen 3)

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17
Q

Where might you find stratified columnar cells?

A

Male urethra

Salivary glands

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18
Q

Kinesins are involved in ____ whereas dynein is involved in ___

A

Monorail systems (brings stuff away from nucleus)

Cilia and flagella (also brings stuff TOWARDS the nucleus)

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19
Q

True or false… tight junctions give mechanical strength

A

False. They just give polarity

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20
Q

Tight junction proteins bind to ___ in each cell

A

Actin

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21
Q

In cell to cell adhesive interactions (zonula adherents), they are held by ____ and ____ complexes. In focal adhesions, these complexes are replaced by ___

A

Catinin and cadherins (remember that Cadherins are calcium dependent)

Cadherins are replaced with integrins

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22
Q

What is the difference in the function between zonula adherens and focal adhesions?

A

Zonula adherens attach cell to cell (like a band wrapping around the cell). Focal adhesions, however attach the cell to the ECM

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23
Q

Desmosomes form ___ interactions, help resist ____ forces, and attach to ____ filaments

A

Heterotypic

Shearing

Intermediate

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24
Q

True or false… hemidesmosomes attach to intermediate filaments and have integrin as their transmembrane protein

A

True

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25
True or false... gap junctions are homotypic interactions and attach to the cytoskeleton
First part is true, second is false
26
Connective tissue consists of what three things
Cells, ECM fibers, ECM ground substance
27
True or false... fibroblasts are highly motile
True
28
True or false... fibroblasts have strong cel-cell connections
False. They rarely have connections
29
Adipocytes are composed of a single lipid droplet, thin rim of cytoplasm with a flattened nucleus, and each adipocytes is surrounded by ____
Basal lamina
30
CT ground substance is primarily made up of ____ and ____. Describe them.
Proteoglycans - main component, produced by fibroblasts, protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains (sequesters water) (**sequesters growth factors, so when damaged it can help activate GF receptors) Glycoproteins - proteins with a small carbohydrate side chain.
31
What is the most abundant type of connective tissue? Describe it
Loose connective tissue - more cells and ground substance, fewer fibers, fills space between organs, provides support and form but not as much structure, **underlies epithelia
32
Describe what a phospholipid looks like.. a glycerophospholipid and a sphingolipid
Glycerophospholipid - glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head with an alcohol Sphingolipid - has a sphingosine backbone (also extends to make up one of the tails) one fatty acid chain, a phosphate head attached to *choline
33
Fats are transported from the intestine through the ____ to the liver via ____
Lymphatics Chylomicrons
34
What are the three major membrane lipids?
Phospholipids Sphingolipids Glycolipids (carbohydrate attached to a lipid)
35
What effects does cholesterol have on the membrane?
Increases membrane rigidity Reduces membrane permeability Lipid raft constituent
36
Injury and infection drive the release of what three inflammatory lipids? These serve to...
Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes These are vasodilators
37
In inflammation the ___ enzyme converts _____ into prostaglandins and thromboxanes
COX 1/2 Arachadonic acid
38
How do NSAIDs work?
These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the function of COX 1/2 to reduce the amounts f prostaglandin and thromboxane production to reduce inflammation
39
Nucleic acids are ___ connected by ____ bonds
Nuceleotides Phosphodiester
40
What three things are nucleotides/nucleic acids involved in?
Information transfer Energy transfer Signal transduction (cAMP)
41
In comparison to DNA, RNA has an extra -oh group on what carbon?
2'
42
What is a nucleosome?
DNA wrapped around a histone protein
43
RNA has the same sequence as the ____ DNA strand except that ____ is swapped for ___
Nontemplate T U
44
In muscle cells, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ____ receptors
Ryanodine
45
In a muscle cell, in order to pump calcium back into the SR by ____ pumps. This requires ___
SERCA ATP
46
A sarcomere extends from ___ to ____
Z disc to Z disc
47
What is the A band in a sarcomere?
The darker band. This comprises the entire length of myosin
48
What is the I band in a sarcomere?
The lighter band. This is the length of actin alone (no overlap with myosin). Note that actin extends on both sides of a Z disc, The I band accounts for the entire length of actin alone)
49
What is the H zone in a sarcomere?
Portion of myosin that is not overlapped with actin
50
What two bands/zones shorten during contraction?
H band | I band
51
What are the role of Titins in a muscle cell?
Anchors thick filaments to Z discs and runs within thick filaments to the M line This will hold thick filaments in place Helps muscle spring back into shape after contraction
52
When the muscle is relaxed and cytoplasmic calcium levels are low, the actin binding sites are shielded by ____so that the myosin head cant bind
Tropomyosin
53
In order for muscle contraction to occur, calcium binds to ____ which shifts ____ to allow myosin to bind to actin. The higher amount of calcium present, the more this process happens
Troponin Tropomyosin
54
What neurotransmitter is released from alpha neuron into the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
55
Cardiac muscle cells are held together by ___. These are composed of ___ and ____
Intercalated disks Desmosomes Gap junctions
56
Cardiac muscles almost lay exclusively use ____ respiration, thus have ___ mitochondria and ___ myoglobin content
Aerobic Large High
57
True or false... smooth muscle contains more troponin than skeletal muscle
False. Smooth muscle lacks troponin
58
What are the sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?
SR, extracellular space
59
True or false... relaxation of smooth muscle doesn't always occur when calcium levels decrease
True This is because myosin must be dephosphorylated in order to relax which is a slower process. Also, the calcium-calmodulin complex must dissociate
60
True or false... prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton
True
61
Lipid rafts are ____ and ___ rich. Describe what lipid rafts are
Cholesterol and sphingolipid Lipid rafts have limited fluidity, regulate signal transduction and endocytosis, creates an anchor to keep all of the associated membrane components together
62
What are four functions of endocytosis?
Remodel the cell membrane Alter extracellular environment Provide necessary nutrients Regulate signal transduction
63
What type of endocytosis occurs independently of lipid raft domains?
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
64
What type of endocytosis occurs within lipid raft domains?
Caveole dependent ..and a bunch of others
65
Describe how clathrin mediated endocytosis works and what components are involved
AP2 goes to membrane and recruits clathrin. Clathrin forms a sphere like structure to pull the membrane in. Dynamin makes neck around the invagination and cleaves off the membrane to create the intracellular vesicle
66
What is the function of Rab GTPase proteins?
These will tell the vesicles where to go. First goes to early endosome, then can go to late endosome to be degraded by lysosome, or go to the recycling endosome to be exocytosed, or to a MVB for further direction
67
True or false.. RNA is passively exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
False... they are ACTIVELY exported
68
What occurs in G2 phase of interphase?
Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked
69
The spinal cord ends between ___ and ___
L1 and L2
70
How many vertebrae of the following... cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
``` Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 ```
71
usually, spinal nerve levels exit directly below the vertebrae of the corresponding level. What is unique about cervical?
There are 8 cervical nerves because the first exits above the atlas.
72
What spinal cord level is between L1 and L2?
Sacral
73
You would find CSF in between what two meninges?
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
74
Where would you find dentaticulate (dentate) ligaments? What mater is it made up of?
This is pia mater. It anchors the spinal cord to the sides. It is found in between the ventral and dorsal roots
75
The ventral horn of the spinal cord is involved ___ whereas the lateral horn is involved in___
Somatic motor Visceral motor
76
True or false... the dorsal horn receives both somatic and visceral sensory info
True
77
True or false... there is more white mater in the cervical spinal cord that's the lumbar
True
78
True or false... rami have one way traffic of axons
False... rami have two way traffic. Its the roots that have one way traffic
79
``` Describe the following dermatomes... C2 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T4 T7 T10 ```
``` C2 - occipital protuberanc C4 - collar C5 - lateral shoulder C6 - thumb C7 - middle finger C8 - little finger T1 - medial elbow T4 - nipple T7- xiphoid T10 - belly button ```
80
``` Describe the following myotomes... C5 C6 C7 C8 ```
C5 - shoulder abduction C6- elbow flexion, wrist extension C7 - elbow extension C8 - wrist flexion, thumb abduction
81
The dorsal root ganglia are derivatives from ___
Neural crest cells
82
True or false... the sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia and intramural ganglia are also derived from neural crest cells
True
83
The splanchnic nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain, rather they synapse in the ____
Pre-aortic ganglia/plexus
84
Sympathetic fibers can enter the sympathetic chain through ____ but exit through ___
White ramus communicans Grey ramus communicans
85
Do sympathetics synapse at the level at which they innervate or directly after entering the sympathetic chain?
They synapse at the level they innervate
86
True or false... visceral sensory info travels through the sympathetic chain
True. But its synapse occurs in the dorsal root ganglion

Human Form and Funciton (15 decks)

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