quiz 1 ch 4

Question 1

Charles Drawin

Answer 1

went on a journey around the world which convinced him that various populations evolve from ancestral form.

Question 2

theory of evolution by natural selection states:

Answer 2

organisms give rise to live organisms.
chance variation btwn individuals that are heritable.
more offspring will be produced each generation that survives.
some individuals have higher chance of survival tan others in the same population.

Question 3

evolution

Answer 3

change in allele frequency in population over time

Question 4

variation within a population

Answer 4

phenotypic variation among individuals in population is a result of combined effects of genes environment

Question 5

ecotype

Answer 5

subspecies or race adapted to certain set of environmental conditions

Question 6

Gregor Mendel

Answer 6

discovered that characteristics pass from parent to offspring in form of discrete pockets (genes)

Question 7

*phenotypic plasticity

Answer 7

variation in phenotype due to different environment

Question 8

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium states

Answer 8

in population there is random mating and an absence of evolutionary forces causing allele frequency to remain constant from generation to generation

Question 9

gene pool

Answer 9

sum of alleles in a population

Question 10

allele frequency

Answer 10

related proportions of 2 alleles

Question 11

genetic frequency

Answer 11

proportion of genotypes of an individual organism

Question 12

phenotypic frequency

Answer 12

relative proportions of traits

Question 13

p+q=1

Answer 13

sum of all alleles in a population

Question 14

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Answer 14

genotypic proportions

Question 15

conditions for H-W equilibrium*

Answer 15

random mating.
no mating.
large population size = no genetic drift.
no immigration/emigration = no gene flow.
equitable fitness btwn all genotypes = no NS.
~1 will not be met and allele frequency changes.

Question 16

non random change due to natural selection

Answer 16

natural selection can favor, disfavor, or conserve genetic makeup of a population.
by stabilizing selection, directional selection, or disruptive selection

Question 17

stabilizing selection

Answer 17

intermediate forms are favored and extremes eliminated.
does not result in evolutionary change and preserve average.
ex: human infant birth weight.

Question 18

directional selection

Answer 18

change phenotype to favor extreme phenotype over others.
lead to evolutionary change.
ex: antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Question 19

disruptive selection

Answer 19

bimodal distribution by favoring 2 or more extreme phenotypes over average in population.
ex: seed cracker finches in Africa

Question 20

change due to chance

Answer 20

random process;

genetic drift changes gene frequencies especially in small populations

Question 21

concern of habitat fragmentation

Answer 21

reduces habitat availability to where genetic drift reduces genetic diversity in natural population.

Question 22

endemic

Answer 22

not found anywhere else

Question 23

inbreeding in small population leads to

Answer 23

high extinction rates

Question 24

inbreeding leads to

Answer 24

reduced fecundity.
depressed juvenile survival.
shorten life span.

Question 25

case study: variation in plant populations | hypothesis

Answer 25

evidence of genetic adaptation by ecotype to local environmental conditions of 3 clones from common gardens at 3 elevations at (lowland, midland, and alpine). if there is no genetic difference then they wold grow equally as well

Question 26

case study: variation in plant populations | result

Answer 26

did not support hypothesis. | different ecotypes = diff genotypes even if they were genetically identical.

Question 27

case study: variation in animal populations (chuckwalla) | hypothesis

Answer 27

genetic variation of young when they grow in regions with different elevation and rainfall

Question 28

case study: variation in animal populations (lizard) | results

Answer 28

raised in common garden experiment with controlled variables at different elevation. lizards at higher elevation grew larger because the increased rainfall leading to more food for young.

Question 29

case study: adaptive change in island colonizing lizards | hypothesis

Answer 29

physical change in hind limbs depending on vegetation once they are translocated

Question 30

case study: adaptive change in island colonizing lizards | results

Answer 30

less morphological change in hind limbs in areas where vegetation is the same to OG island. greater morphological change in areas with new vegetation

Question 31

case study: rapid adaptation by soapberry bugs | hypothesis

Answer 31

document adaptations of herbivore beak length to the distance from fruit walls to seeds vary to see if there are any genetic differences in populations or by chemical factors for host plants

Question 32

case study: rapid adaptation by soapberry bugs | result

Answer 32

raised juvenile on alt host plants and they maintained beak length

Question 33

case study genetic drift in chihuahua spruce | hypothesis

Answer 33

did population lose its genetic diversity after the glacial Pleistocene; looked at diversity of enzymes for 24 genes

Question 34

case study genetic drift in chihuahua spruce | result

Answer 34

there was a population size and diversity, smaller populations = low heterozygosity than larger populations

Question 35

case study: genetic variation in island populations | hypothesis

Answer 35

look at genetic variation in animal and plant populations of an island and the mainland

Question 36

case study: genetic variation in island populations | result

Answer 36

genetic variation was lower in isolated and smaller island populations that are endemic. indicates low potential for population to evolve

Question 37

isolated areas

Answer 37

less genetic variation = less variation for NS to act on

Question 38

case study: Glanville fritillary butterflies | hypothesis

Answer 38

inbreeding of 42 heterozygous populations in patchy environments

Question 39

case study: Glanville fritillary butterflies | results

Answer 39

higher inbreeding (low heterozygosity) had higher probability of extinction due to few offspring with lower survival rate

Question 40

natural selection*

Answer 40

heritable characteristics that are favorable and give an advantage. allows for variation in a population. gives a higher chance of survival and reproduction at an individual level.