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Ecology > quiz 3 ch 7 > Flashcards

quiz 3 ch 7 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

trophic levels

A

feeding levels that help classify organisms

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

self feeders.

use inorganic sources of C and energy

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3
Q

photosynthetic

A

use CO2 for C source

sunlight for energy

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4
Q

chemosynthetic

A

use inorganic Molec for C and energy

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5
Q

heterotrophs

A

organic molec for C and energy source

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6
Q

plants with alternative nutrition

A

carnivorous plants and pitcher plants

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7
Q

carnivorous plants live in

A

N poor environments

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8
Q

type of pitcher plant

A

Venus fly trap

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9
Q

photon

A

light particles that bear energy

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10
Q

types of photons

A

infrared and ultraviolet

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11
Q

infrared (IR)

A

long wavelength with low energy.

interacts with matter to increase motion

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12
Q

ultraviolet (UV)

A

short wavelength with high energy.

destroys bio molecule/function

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13
Q

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

A

visible light: 400-700 nanometers

when light enters the ecosystem it changes in quantity and quality depending on the organism present

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14
Q

C3 plants are

A

most plants and algae

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15
Q

C3 pathways**

A

CO2 and rubp are converted to a 3-C acid called PGA

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16
Q

C3 plants get their carbon source by

A

opening the stomata to let CO2 escape. but it can also let water escape

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17
Q

C4 plants

A

live in hot, sunny environments like corn and sugarcane

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18
Q

C4 plants survive by

A

having fewer stomata open to reduce CO2 concentration in leaves by increasing rate of CO2 diffusion and conserve water

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19
Q

C4 pathway **

A

CO2 and photons enter mesophyll through the stomata > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 moves to bundle sheath cell > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate moves to mesophyll and is converted to PEP

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20
Q

C4 acid produced by

A

co2 fixation diffused to specialized cell surrounding bundle sheath cell

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21
Q

CAM plants

A

crassulacean acid metabolism.

in succulent plants in arid and semi arid environmnets

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22
Q

CAM plant behavior

A

c fixation at night
reduce water loss
low photosynthesis rates
high h2o efficiency rates

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23
Q

CAM pathway

A

CO2 enter mesophyll through the stomata at night > co2 reacts with PEP to make to make C4 acid > C4 acid is stored till day > c4 acid converted to pyruvate and co2 > co2 goes to Calvin cycle to make more pyruvate > pyruvate is converted to PEP

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24
Q

organisms that use inorganic Molec are found

A

on sea floor near volcanos at the oceanic rift were nutrients are discharged

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25
chemosynthetic bacteria
free living and w/in invertebrate tissues. | use inorganic Molec for energy source
26
heterotrophs use
organic Molec for energy source
27
types of heterotroph
herbivores carnivores omnivores detritivores
28
herbivores
eat plants | usually low in N
29
carnivores
eat nutritionally rich prey
30
omnivores
eat plants and animals
31
detritivores
eat non living organic matter (plant remains ) | poor in N, get it from dead leaves
32
5 elements that make up chemical composition and nutritional requirements
``` C O H N P ```
33
ecological stoichiometry
balance of multiple chem elements in ecological interaction
34
herbivores challenges
overcome plant physical (cellulose, lignin, silica) and chemical plant (toxins, digestion reducing compounds) defenses
35
prey defenses
``` crypsis defensive morphology defensive behavior toxins aposematic coloring mullein mimicry batesian mimicry ```
36
crypsis
animal color and shape
37
aposematic coloring
bright or warning
38
mullein mimicry
noxious (harmful) resemble each other | ex: bees and wasp
39
batesian mimicry
harmless resemble noxious
40
predators
selection agents for prey defenses
41
evolutionary arms race
predators and prey spp. are endangered in coevolution
42
size selective predation**
prey based on size
43
plant energy limitation
limits on potential rate of energy intake by plants
44
photon flux density**
``` looks at response of photosynthetic rate # photon of light striking meter surface each second ```
45
energy limitations of animals
limit of potential rate of energy intake by animals. | relationship btwn feeding rates and food availability
46
how many types functional responses of energy limitations of animals
type 1 type 2 type 3
47
**type 1 functional response
feeding rate increases linearly as food density y increases and levels off at max. consumer requires little or no search and handling time
48
**type 2 functional responses
feeding rate rises in proportion to food density. | feeding rate limited by searching/handling time.
49
**type 3 functional response
s- shaped. feeding rate increases at intermediate densities. limited by searching at low densities and handling at high densities
50
optimal foraging theory
if energy supply is limited then the organism can't max all life function all at once
51
life functions affected by limited energy supply
``` finding mate avoid predators make shelter reproducing parental care digest food fight illness growth finding food ** ```
52
principle of allocation of resources**
compromise of natural selection operating on each organism to optimize energy budget to max fitness
53
cost and benefit w/respect to foraging
favor behavior that minimizes cost and max benefits
54
if there are more abundant prey
large energy return
55
animals must consider energy expended from
searching for prey | handling time
56
when looking for different prey
``` diff search costs handling costs nutritive value energy value abundance ```
57
prey role in predators diet
optimize energy intake
58
predators feel only on prey 1 when
1 prey type > 2 prey types
59
predators feed on prey 1 and 2 when
2 prey type> 1 prey type
60
case study: bluegill sunfish | prediction
usually prey by size | to get max rate of energy intake the must prey on 4mm or longer
61
case study: bluegill sunfish | result
most abundant prey were 4mm long
62
optimal allocation by plants
there is limited supply of energy from leaves, stems, and roots. plants must adjust allocation so all resources are equally limited
63
case study: optimal allocation of grass | prediction
decrease root:shoot ratio as N availability increases

Ecology (25 decks)

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