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Ecology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

estuary

A

area with brackish water

where river meets the sea

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2
Q

desert

A

large daily temp fluctuations
low rainfall
desiccation resistant plants that are sparsely distributed
soils low in organic matter

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3
Q

savanna

A

wet and dry seasons
lighting cause wildfires
saturated soils
2D landscape

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4
Q

tropical rainforest

A

stratified communities
high rainfall ~2,000-4,000 mm annually
little temp variation btwn months
nutrient poor acidic soils

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5
Q

littoral

A

shallow areas near oceans or lake shores

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6
Q

temperate forest

A

nutrient rich
deep soil
herbaceous vegetation
large roaming mammals/ ungulates

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7
Q

benthic

A

sediments and rocky ocean bottom

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8
Q

taiga

A

conifers

thin, low fertility acidic soils

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9
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequency pithing a population over a period of time

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10
Q

natural selection

A

organisms give rise to live organisms.
chance variation btwn individuals that are heritable.
more offspring will be produced each generation that survives the environment.
some individuals have higher chance of survival than others in the same population.

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11
Q

condition for H-W equilibrium

A

random mating or no mating.

large population size = no genetic drift.

no immigration/emigration = no gene flow.

equitable fitness btwn all genotypes = no NS.

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12
Q

marine fish challenges

A

hyper osmotic

extreme water loss through gils

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13
Q

marine fish resolution

A

drink saltwater which also increases salt concentrations.

get rid of excess salt by chloride cels in gills and concentrated urine production

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14
Q

freshwater fish challenges

A

hyper osmotic

excrete excess internal water by large amounts of diluted urine. lose large amounts of solute

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15
Q

freshwater fish resolution

A

replace salts by absorbing Na and Cl at base of gill filament and ingested foods

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16
Q

water conservation

A 
waterproof outer coating 
concentrated urine/ feces 
condense water vapor in breath 
behavioral adaptations 
drop leaves when in drought 
thick leaves 
few stomata 
periodic dormancy 
protection from poacher with spines or hairs
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17
Q

greenhouse effect

A

the surface of the earth is kept warm by ultraviolet rays from the sun being absorbed by greenhouse gases and not allowing it to be reflected like they usually are.

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18
Q

greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons

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19
Q

species*

A

group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring

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20
Q

populations*

A

group of individuals of a single species in a particular area

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21
Q

community*

A

all species in given area

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22
Q

ecosystems*

A

organism + physical environments

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23
Q

biosphere*

A

highest level of ecological organization.

A.K.A.: sum of all ecosystems

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24
Q

niche*

A

factors necessary for species existence

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25
resource partitioning*
exception of the principle of competitive exclusion. by Robert MacArthur which stated that resources are used in different ways or times, or both allowing organisms to coexist
26
principle of competitive exclusion
species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. can lead to better competitor eventually excluding the other
27
the spherical shape and tilt of earth's axis can lead to
uneven heating of earths surface
28
precipitation patterns cause*
rainforest near the equator. major deserts near 30 degree N/S hemisphere. seasons due to tilt.
29
air circulation patterns are
warm, moist air rising. cools, condenses, and falls as rain. cooler, dry air falls back on surface.
30
*phenotypic plasticity
variation in phenotype due to different environment
31
ecotype
subspecies or race adapted to certain set of environmental conditions
32
latent heat of fusion
energy to freeze liquid water
33
latent heat of vaporization
energy needed to turn liquid water into vapor. don't need to evaporate much water to cool a lot of matter
34
psychrophilic microbes
cold loving; usually found in Antarctica
35
thermophilic microbes
hot loving bacteria | ex: Taq
36
natural body temperature regulators
poikilotherms homeotherms
37
poikilotherms
organism that cannot regulate their body temp; done by behaviors like burrowing or basking
38
homeotherms
constant body temp regardless of environmental temp
39
organisms with mechanisms to regulate body temp
ectotherm endotherms
40
ectotherms
rely on external energy sources
41
endotherms
rely of metabolic energy
42
how do skunk cabbage generate heat
translocating starch stored in roots to inflorescence so it can be metabolized
43
O horizon
most superficial organic layer made up of fresh material
44
A horizon
mixture of minerals, clay, silt, and sand
45
C horizon
weathered parent material
46
B horizon
Clay, humus, and other material
47
Hyperosmotic
high solute concentration relative to surrounding water
48
hypo osmotic
lower solute concentration relative to surrounding water
49
deep roots
when in dry environment to get water from deep in soil
50
shallow dense roots
plants in environment with infrequent rainfall
51
evaporation in terrestrial organisms cause
most water loss | by stomata, panting, and sweating
52
**how plants and animals can conserve water
``` waterproof outer coating concentrated urine/ feces condense water vapor in breath behavioral adaptations drop leaves when in drought thick leaves few stomata periodic dormancy protection from poacher with spines or hairs ```
53
approached for dealing with dry terrestrial lifestyle
water acquisition and water conservation
54
photon flux density**
``` looks at response of photosynthetic rate # photon of light striking meter surface each second ```
55
**type 1 functional response
feeding rate increases linearly as food density y increases and levels off at max. consumer requires little or no search and handling time
56
*type 2 functional responses
feeding rate rises in proportion to food density. | feeding rate limited by searching/handling time.
57
**type 3 functional response
s- shaped. feeding rate increases at intermediate densities. limited by searching at low densities and handling at high densities
58
principle of allocation of resources**
compromise of natural selection operating on each organism to optimize energy budget to max fitness
59
mullein mimicry
noxious (harmful) resemble each other | ex: bees and wasp
60
batesian mimicry
harmless resemble noxious
61
prey defenses
``` crypsis defensive morphology defensive behavior toxins aposematic coloring mullein mimicry batesian mimicry ```
62
autotrophs
self feeders. | use inorganic sources of C and energy
63
photosynthetic
use CO2 for C source | sunlight for energy
64
chemosynthetic
use inorganic Molec for C and energy
65
heterotrophs
organic molec for C and energy source
66
fitness
reproductive contribution to next generation | ex: being in a herd is safer, but less food
67
intersexual selection
member of one sex chooses mate based on particular trait
68
intrasexual
individuals of same sex compete with each other for mates
69
Kodric -brown said
reproductive success due to Attractiveness and dominance.
70
sociality usually involves
cooperative feeding. defense of social group. restricted reproductive opportunities.
71
inclusive fitness (Hamilton's Kin Selection)
type of selection which individuals increase their own inclusive fitness by increasing survival and reproduce relatives that are not their own offspring

Ecology (25 decks)

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