quiz 6 ch 18

Question 1

trophic dynamic view of energy flow

Answer 1

energy transfer w/in ecosystem

Question 2

concept of energy transfer

Answer 2

group organism w/in ecosystem

Question 3

Raymond Lindeman trophic dynamic

Answer 3

ecosystem =fundamental to study energy transfer.

as energy is transferred from one trophic level to another energy is degraded

Question 4

energy degradation due to

Answer 4

limited assimilation
consumer respiration
heat production

Question 5

energy distribution is appears like

Answer 5

a pyramid

Question 6

10 % rule

Answer 6

only 10 % energy in trophic level is passed to next level

Question 7

James Gosz: solar energy flow in temperate deciduous forest

Answer 7

15 % reflected 
41% converted to heat 
42% absorbed by evapotranspiration 
2.2% fixed by plant as gross primary production 
1.2% plant respiration 
1% primary production

Question 8

too much energy loss can lead to

Answer 8

insufficient energy to support next trophic level

Question 9

primary production

Answer 9

energy fixation by autotrophs in ecosystem

Question 10

rate of primary production

Answer 10

amount of fixed energy over period of time

Question 11

gross primary production

Answer 11

total amount of energy fixed by autotrophs

Question 12

net primary production

Answer 12

amount of leftover energy after autotrophs met their metabolic needs

Question 13

annual actual evapotranspiration

Answer 13

amount of water that evaporates and transpires off landscape annually

Question 14

Annual actual evapotranspiration of cold dry ecosystems

Answer 14

low

Question 15

net primary production and annual actual evapotranspiration

Answer 15

positive

Question 16

differences in soil fertility explains

Answer 16

variation in terrestrial primary production

Question 17

shaver and Chapin

Answer 17

arctic net primary production was 2x as high on fertilized plots than unfertilized plots

Question 18

Bowman

Answer 18

N = main nutrient limiting net primary production in dry tundra meadow.
N and P limit production in wet meadow

Question 19

nutrient availability controls

Answer 19

rate of primary production in freshwater ecosystem

Question 20

high rates of primary production by marine phytoplankton are concentrated in

Answer 20

areas with higher levels of nutrient availability like continental margins

Question 21

nutrient availability of open oceans

Answer 21

poo dur to vertical mixing of main nutrient source

Question 22

graneli

Answer 22

rate of primary production in Baltic Sea is nutrient limited
increased nutrients = increases chlorophyll concentrations
N = limited nutrient

Question 23

residual variation

Answer 23

proportion of variation not explained by independent variable

Question 24

dillon and Rigler

Answer 24

environmental factors other than nutrient availability influence phytoplankton biomass

Question 25

bottom up controls

Answer 25

influence physical and chemical factors of ecosystem

Question 26

top - down control

Answer 26

influence consumers

Question 27

carpenter

Answer 27

piscivores and planktivorous fish can cause deviation in primary productivity

Question 28

carpenter and kitchell

Answer 28

trophic cascade hypothesis. reduced planktovirous fish populations led to reduced rates of primary production. absent planktivorous minnows predaceous invertebrates become more numerous. large herbivorous zooplankton, phytoplankton biomass and rate of primary production declined

Question 29

trophic cascade hypothesis

Answer 29

consumers on lake primary productivity propagate through food webs

Question 30

Mc Naughton

Answer 30

Serengeti grazers consume 66% annual primary production. positively correlates with rainfall quantity. grazers can increase primary production. light grazing = insufficient to produce compensatory growth. heavy grazing reduce plant capacity to recover

Question 31

compensatory growth

Answer 31

lower respiration rate due to lower biomass reduce self- shading improve water balance due to reduced leaf area

Question 32

ecological efficiency

Answer 32

percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the one above