quiz 2

Question 1

population

Answer 1

total group of individuals or subjects to be studied

Question 2

sample

Answer 2

a portion of the total to be used in research

Question 3

random sample

Answer 3

each person has an equal chance

Question 4

naturalistic pros and cons

Answer 4

pro: able to observe them in their natural habitat (not changed/manipulated)
con: tells us what not why, very time consuming, observer does not have a lot of control over participants, observer bias

Question 5

case study pros and cons

Answer 5

pro: great info, lots of conclusions about the person
con: may not generalize to a large group, confabulation (honest lying) and hindsight bias

Question 6

survey method pros and cons

Answer 6

pro: great deal of info
con: only skins the surface, low response rate, wording effect is a concern, social desirability, and sample itself can be an issue

Question 7

correlation

Answer 7

statistical relationship between two variables

Question 8

positive correlation

Answer 8

both variables go in the same direction… both go up or both go down ex. income and tax, calories and weight gain

Question 9

negative correlation

Answer 9

one variable goes up while the other goes down and vice versa ex. rainfall and plant watering time, temperature and clothing layers

Question 10

correlation is not…

Answer 10

…causation; just because the data correlates doesn’t mean one variable causes the other. third variable could exist

Question 11

a correlation of .04 is

Answer 11

weak

Question 12

a correlation of .80 is

Answer 12

strong

Question 13

experimental method

Answer 13

can demonstrate cause and effect,manipulates the factors of interest, holds constant other factors

Question 14

independent variable

Answer 14

the experimental factor that is manipulated, the treatment itself (drug)

Question 15

dependent variable

Answer 15

the behavior measured; the factor that might be impacted by changes on the independent variable

Question 16

extraneous variables

Answer 16

environmental or participant factors that can affect the outcome (temp of room, lighting, time of day, etc.

Question 17

confounding variables

Answer 17

a type of extraneous variables that changes with the independent variable making it difficult to determine what is causing the change in the dependent variable

Question 18

placebo

Answer 18

sugar pill or false treatment (placebo affect)

Question 19

placebo affect

Answer 19

believing a fake pill is having the same effect as the real medication due to psychological deception; ex. if you tell a person that a headache is a common side effect of a particular medication, that person is more likely to report headaches even if they are actually taking a placebo

Question 20

blind experiment

Answer 20

when the subjects don’t know which group they are in

Question 21

double blind experiment

Answer 21

when both subjects and research assistants don’t know which group participants are in; cuts down bias

Question 22

reliability

Answer 22

consistency/stability of a measure; yields consistent results across time

Question 23

validity

Answer 23

did the study measure what it was supposed to measure?
internal validity- measured what it intended to measure
external validity- findings that can be generalized to the population of interest

Question 24

research ethics

Answer 24

written guidelines for ethical treatment of research participants; studies involving people/animals must be approved by IRB (institute review board)

Question 25

informed consent

Answer 25

right to be informed of risks and ability to withdraw at any time

Question 26

deception

Answer 26

is acceptable if not harmful to individual

Question 27

debriefing is a...

Answer 27

... must; used during an experiment whereby the researchers had to use some form of deception for the purpose of the study

Question 28

confidentiality

Answer 28

the state of keeping or being kept secret or private

Question 29

identify parts: A researcher wants to study the impact of meditation on anxiety levels in teens. Group A (50 teens) will participate in teacher-led meditation techniques for 45 minutes in one room while Group B (50 teens) will be allowed to spend that 45 minutes in unstructured activities in another room. Both groups will then perform online tasks during which their heart rates and salivary cortisol will be measured for levels of anxiety.

Answer 29

Population- teens Representative Sample- 100 teens Dependent Variable- anxiety levels in teens Independent Variable- impact of meditation Experimental Group- Group A (50 teens) will participate in teacher-led meditation techniques for 45 minutes in one room Control Group- Group B (50 teens) will be allowed to spend that 45 minutes in unstructured activities in another room Extraneous Variable- anxiety disorder, external challenges with family, friends, or life