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test 2 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

“The subjective state of being currently aware of something either within oneself or outside of oneself.” Being aware of your thoughts and/or the environment around you

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2
Q

Content of Consciousness vs State of Consciousness

A

content: going on in the brain
state: perception (awareness)

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3
Q

Automatic Processing

A

brain is constantly sifting through stimuli w/o conscious effort

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4
Q

Controlled Processing

A

a mental process that requires conscious attention and effort, and is used to perform novel or difficult tasks

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5
Q

Selective Attentiveness

A

narrow focus on select stimuli even though brain still monitors all stimuli;hearing name mentioned at a
party/being able to concentrate on one conversation
at a party- cocktail party effect

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

look without see

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7
Q

Hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness allowing for changes in behaviors and perceptions which result from suggestions made by a hypnotist

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8
Q

Circadian Rhythm “Circa Diem”

A

biological clock; 24 hour cycle of daylight/darkness impacts physiological and behavioral functioning… means about a day

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9
Q

Stage 1 (Stages of Sleep)

A

beta waves; drowsy: alpha waves. non rapid eye movement (non-REM)

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10
Q

Stage N1 (Stages of Sleep)

A

kind of awake/kind of asleep; lasts a few minutes; once per night theta waves

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11
Q

Stage N2 (Stages of Sleep)

A

slightly deeper than N1; body temp drops/heart rates slows; theta waves with spindles (spikes) and k-complexes (waves)

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12
Q

Stage N3 (Stages of Sleep)

A

slow wave sleep (Deep sleep); muscles relax/blood pressure & breathing rates drop; delta waves

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13
Q

Stage R (Stages of Sleep)

A

goes back to N2 without waking, enter Stage R: rapid eye movement sleep (Dream Sleep); faster and shorter waves like beta waves

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14
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

(Wake) + N1 + N2 + N3 + (N2) REM = 90 Minutes (times 4-6); cycles are not equally distributed: N3(deep sleep) heavy for first 2 cycles N3 vanishes; REM periods get longer through night; nearly half of the night is in N2

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15
Q

Sigmund Freuds Theory

A

“royal road to the unconscious,” manifest content vs latent content

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16
Q

Information processing Theory

A

process information which is critical to survival; lots of daily stimulation -dreaming allows us to decide what to keep

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17
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

neurons in pons fire at random; higher brain centers struggle to make
sense of the messages being sent; dreams have no real meaning; brain imaging technique shows the limbic system VERY active during dreaming

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18
Q

Extension of Waking Life Theory

A

what people dream about is very similar
to what people do in their everyday life; pre-sleep moments may greatly influence what we dream

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19
Q

Why Do We Sleep

A

Restorative (Body/Brain Repair)
Evolutionary (Survival)
Consolidation (Memories & Learning)

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20
Q

Sleep Disorders

A

insomnia, somnambulism, (sleepwalking), Narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorders, sleep terrors, sleep apnea

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21
Q

Impact of Sleep Loss

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A

fatigue, impaired concentration, depressed immunity; vulnerable to: anxiety, weight gain, accidents, heart disease, dementia, etc.

22
Q

3 Classifications of Psychoactive Drugs and How they Impact Consciousness

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A

depressants – slow down the function of the central nervous system.
hallucinogens – affect your senses and change the way you see, hear, taste, smell or feel things.
stimulants – speed up the function of the central nervous system.

23
Q

Two Types of Dependence

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A

Psychological dependence craving is indicated when theres a distinction between tolerance and withdrawal, while physiological dependence is when the body cant function properly without the drug

24
Q

Withdrawal

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A

If someone is physiologically dependent on drugs and begins the process of quitting, they are likely to suffer the effects of this

25
Tolerance
Persistent use of drugs alters the chemistry of the brain/body. Needing increasing amounts of the drug to obtain the same effect is called this
26
Manifest Content vs Latent Content
the manifest content of a dream is what literally happens in it, while latent content is what the dream symbolizes
27
Learning
a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experience; We learn by associations
28
Conditioning
the process of learning associations; A form of learning involving stimulus-response connections where the response is dependent on the stimulus
29
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov, Russian physiologist, studying the digestive system of dogs, Founder of Classical Conditioning
30
Acquisition
initial learning of a response
31
Extinction
the Conditioned Stimulus no longer signals the Conditioned Response
32
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance, after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
33
Stimulus Generalization
the tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a similar response
34
Stimulus Discrimination
the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus
35
Founder of Behaviorism
John B Watson, Little Albert Experiment, Classically conditioned emotional responses into people
36
Little Albert Experiment
11 month old infant Conditioned him to fear a white rat Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - Loud Noise Unconditioned Response (UCR) - Fear and Crying Neutral Stimulus - which becomes - Conditioned Stimulus (CS) -- Rat Conditioned Response (CR) - Fear and Crying Albert's fear became generalized to dogs, cotton, rabbits, and a Santa mask
37
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner (1904 - 1990) Different from classical conditioning in two major ways Voluntary Behavior not reflex Reinforcement happens after response
38
Difference between Classical & Operant Conditioning
classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
39
Shaping
a process where steps towards the desired behavior are reinforced
40
Reinforcer
Reinforcement: Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior Primary Reinforcers - food, water, sex - don't have to be learned Secondary Reinforcers (or Conditioned)must be learned - money, praise, good grades
41
Reinforcements
Positive Reinforcement – ADDING something that is desirable, or pleasant Negative Reinforcement IS NOT THE SAME AS PUNISHMENT Negative Reinforcement - SUBTRACTING something unpleasant (aversive) - still increases behavior
42
Punishments
Punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior Positive Punishment – ADDING something unpleasant that decreases behavior Negative Punishment – SUBTRACTING something pleasant that decreases behavior Punishment ≠Negative Reinforcement
43
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio Reinforcement based on “responses” Variable Ratio is most resistant to extinction…thus the issue with gambling! Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
44
Fixed Ratio
reinforce behavior for a set number of responses - ex. Piece Work
45
Variable Ratio
reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses - ex. Slot Machines
46
Fixed Interval
reinforcers come after a fixed amount of time - response rate has no effect on the timing of reinforcers - ex. Salaried employees
47
Variable Interval
reinforce the response after a variable amount of time - ex. pop quiz
48
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura; We learn not only through direct experience but also through observing others Classic Bobo Doll Experiment Modeling
49
Bobo the Doll Experiment
demonstrated that children can learn aggressive behavior by observing an adult model acting aggressively towards an inflatable clown doll called "Bobo," highlighting the concept of observational learning and supporting his Social Learning Theory
50
Modeling
the process through which children learn a large number of behaviors, skills and, ways of thinking and feeling without direct experience

psych (13 decks)

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