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quiz 6 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Camps on Development

A

Nature vs. Nurture- explores the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to human traits and behavior
Stages vs. Continuity- “stages” implies distinct, sequential phases with clear boundaries, while “continuity” suggests a gradual, ongoing process with no sharp breaks
Stability vs. Change- explores whether personality traits, present at birth, remain constant or evolve throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Domains of Development

A

Physical
Cognitive
Psychological/Social

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3
Q

Genetic contributions

A

23 Pairs of Chromosomes - threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
20,000 – 25,000 genes
23 chromosomes from egg, 23 from sperm
XX - Female XY – Male
X or Y from Sperm

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4
Q

Genetic Abnormalities

A

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
Turner Syndrome (X)
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

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5
Q

Genotype

A

an individual’s unique genetic makeup

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s observed characteristics

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7
Q

Germinal Stage: Zygote

A

Conception to 3 weeks
Cells divide (blastocyst)
Fewer than 1/2 survive
Attaches to uterine wall

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8
Q

Embryonic Stage: Embryo

A

3 weeks to 8 weeks
Cells begin to differentiate in structure and function
Body organs begin to form
Heart begins to beat
In gestational sac
Testosterone secreted in males

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9
Q

Fetal Stage: Fetus

A

9 weeks to birth
By 6 months internal organs formed to allow survival
Recognize mother’s voice in utero
Full term: 38-40 weeks

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10
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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11
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

No safe amount of alcohol when expecting!
Small head
Wide-set eyes
Flattened nose
Odds of FAS 1 in 67

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12
Q

Major Newborn Reflexes

A

Rooting—turn head and open mouth in the direction of touch on cheek
Sucking—sucking in response to oral stimulation
Grasping—the baby will grip your fingers so tightly that he can be lifted upright
Others:
Babinski- foot
Stepping
Moro- startle

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13
Q

Perceptual Abilities

A

Newborn is extremely nearsighted
Image of a human face holds the newborn’s gaze longer than other images
Range of sight is about 6 to 12 inches
Hour after birth a preference for mom’s voice and smell

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14
Q

Motor Skills

A

AVERAGES!!
Lift Head and Shoulders: 2 Months
Sit Without Support: 6 – 7 Months
Stand: 9 Months
Walk: 12 Months

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15
Q

Categories of Temperament

A

Easy—adaptable, positive mood, regular habits (40%)
Difficult—intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently (10%)
Slow to warm up—low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, withdraw from new situations (15%)
Average—unable to classify (35%)

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16
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond that forms between the infant and
caregivers during the first year of life
Studied by Mary Ainsworth – Strange Situation Experiment
Mothers and infants brought into a room and researchers observed their interaction

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17
Q

Secure Attachment

A

strong self-esteem, high EQ, better social skills. Independent, better academics, fewer mental health issues.

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18
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

difficulty forming healthy relationships ,more likely to develop behavioral problems. Trust issues and confidence in others.

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19
Q

Language Development

A

Noam Chomsky – Universal Grammar
Infant Directed Speech – Engages Babies (Sing-Songy)
Cooing – 3 months (Vowels)
Babbling – 5 months (Consonants)
First Words – 12 months (Along with finger pointing (object identification))
Holophrases – 14 – 18 months (Single word)
Telegraphic –18 months (2 word)
3,000 words – 3 years (Language explosion)

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20
Q

Cognitive Development

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A

Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
4 Stages
Definite Progression-set order/can’t skip/builds
Cognitive Development is a way of adapting to the environment

21
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Study These Flashcards
A

Birth - 2 years
Experience the world through
senses and actions
Object Permanence - 8 months
- Objects still exist even when not seen
Stranger Anxiety - begins at 8 months

22
Q

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Study These Flashcards
A

2 - 6 years
Pre-logical (intuition)
Language Development
Ability to pretend
Egocentrism

23
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

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A

7 - 11 years
Thinking logically about concrete events
Grasp analogies
Conservation
Math Transformations

24
Q

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

Study These Flashcards
A

Age 12 – Adult
Abstract reasoning - can reason about things they can’t see:
hypothesize
Understand Theories

25
Sex
the biological category of male or female
26
Gender
cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity or femininity
27
Gender roles
behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits designated either masculine or feminine in a given culture
28
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood - usually considered the span from puberty to independence from parents Adolescence is expanding in recent years
29
Puberty
Process of attaining sexual maturity and reproductive ability Primary Sex Characteristics - Reproductive Organs Secondary Sex Characteristics- non- reproductive traits of men and women First Ejaculation (Spermarche) in boys and menstrual cycle (Menarche) in girls turning points on the way to maturity
30
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian – rigid control, demand total obedience Permissive – almost no control, low structure Uninvolved – indifferent, low warmth, emotionally detached Authoritative – firm structure and guidance without rigid control
31
Erikson’s Theory of Development
Psychological development based on social relationships; outlines eight stages, each characterized by a specific conflict or crisis that individuals must navigate to develop a healthy personality and sense of self
32
Trust vs Mistrust
birth – 18 months (infancy), trust others has faith in others vs Mistrusts others expects the worst of people
33
Autonomy vs. Doubt
18 mo. – 3 yrs (early childhood), learns to be autonomous and independent vs learns to feel shame and doubt when freedom to explore is restricted
34
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 – 6 yrs (preschool), becomes more responsible shows the ability to follow through vs develops guilt and anxiety when unable to handle responsibilities
35
Industry vs. Inferiority
6 - 12 years (school age), feels a sense of accomplishment and increased self esteem vs feels inferiority or incompetence which can later lead to unstable work habits
36
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence, tries out roles and emerges with a strong sense of values, beliefs, and goals vs lacks a solid identity, experiences withdrawal, isolation, or continued role confusion
37
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood (25-40), creates meaningful, deep relationships vs lives in isolation
38
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood (40-65), makes a positive impact on the next generation through parenting, community involvement, or work that is valuable and significant vs experiences boredom, conceit, and selfishness
39
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Late Adulthood (65- death), feels a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction vs feels regret and dissatisfaction
40
Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning
Making decisions about social justice and ethical issues 3 Levels 6 Stages of Development Most people covered in the first 4 stages Criticisms of Kohlberg based on gender and differences between reasoning and behavior Heinz Dilemma
41
pre-conventional level
<6 (self), stage 1- punishment and obedience oreintation [moral behavior determined by what is punished] stage 2- instrumental-relativist orientation [moral behavior determined by what is received in exchange]
42
conventional level
7-11 years (self & community) stage 3- interpersonal- concordance orientation [moral behavior determined by approval of others] stage 4- law and order orientation [moral behavior determined by strict adherence to societal laws]
43
post conventional
>11 (others) stage 5- social contract, legalistic orientation [moral behavior determined by societal laws, which adapt to meet needs of society] stage 6- universal ethical principle orientation [moral behavior guided- by universal principles of justice and equality]
44
Physical Changes in Adulthood
With each decade after age 20, efficiency of body organs declines Strength typically peaks in early adulthood (20s & 30s) 40s - mid-60s - strength & endurance gradually decline & reaction time slows Mid-60s+ - stamina and reaction time tend to decline further and faster
45
Social Changes in Adulthood
Intimacy is the key task of Young Adulthood Generativity is the key task of Middle Adulthood Adults typically have fewer friends than adolescents do
46
Cognitive Changes in Adulthood
Abilities remain relatively stable until 60 70s -90s show slight but significant declines in memory, perceptual speed, and fluency
47
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease - affects 10% - 65 + and 50% - 85 +
48
Dying and Death
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - research with dying patients Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Process of dying is very individual – most people face death in the similar manner in which they coped with other life stressors

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