test 3 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Cognition
mental activity of obtaining, converting, and using knowledge
Thinking
transforming information to make a decision, solve a problem, or form a belief
Intelligence
Innate (inborn) ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences
Theories of Intelligence:
Spearman g
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
G-Factor
General Intelligence, Single aptitude for verbal, spatial, and reasoning abilities
Multiple Intelligence:
8 Frames of Mind
Linguistic- writing, verbal, language
Logical-Mathematical- numbers, patterns, logic
Musical- pitch, rhythm, sound quality
Spatial- visual arts, rotations, dilations, navigation
Bodily-Kinesthetic- dexterity, body control, “work with hands”
Interpersonal- “between people,” social perceptions, read moods
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic- classify objects, environment, living things
Triarchic: 3 Separate aptitudes
Analytical- Problem solving-book smart
Creative- Handle new problems–experiential smart
Practical- Adjust to new environments–street smart
Intelligence Tests & Intelligence Quotient Scores
measure aptitude; aptitude- innate ability (IQ), achievement- learned material (ACT/SAT)
Reliability & Validity
Similar results every time..consistent over time; Measures what it is supposed to measure
Normed & Standardized
Average scores are published for comparison (age, gender, socio-economic, etc. Standardized Conditions
Standard Deviation
Variation or dispersion of scores
SD small: Scores close together & close to the mean
SD big: Scores farther apart & farther from the mean
Definition of Motivation
A stimulus or force that can direct the way we behave, think, and feel
Motivation
Guided- Set a goal to do something
Energized- Go after goals with excitement
Persistent-Determined/tenacious to achieve goals!
Connection between motivation and Operant Learning?
Learning through reinforcement/incentive
Motivated by food, water, affection, etc.
Extrinsic
External…motivated by reward, praise, candy, salary, etc.
Intrinsic
Internal…from within
Doing an activity for inherent joy or personal satisfaction
Emotions
a psychological state that includes a personal/subjective inner-experience… instinctive/intuitive
Emotion also has a physiological component
emotion has a behavioral expression
Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory – innate behaviors pre-programmed, evolutionary, survival
Drive Reduction Theory – “homeostasis” – reduce biological urgings/cravings (drives)
Arousal Theory – need stimulation and excitement
Incentive Theory – getting something for your efforts – being reinforced
Hierarchy of Needs – motivated to seek fulfillment of our needs: physiological, psychological, and self-fulfillment
Emotions and Motivation are intertwined
Emotions can motivate behaviors: E —–> B
Motivation can influence emotions M —–> E
Social Psychology vs Sociology
Social Psychology- Focus on individual behavior in social settings
Sociology- Focus on group/culture: how a group functions within society
Attitudes
relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses toward people, situations, ideas, and things
conformity
adopting attitudes or behaviors of others because of pressure to do so; the pressure can be real or imagined
Asch’s experiments on conformity
all but 1 in group was confederate
seating was rigged
asked to rate which line matched a ‘standard’ line
confederates were unstructured to pick the wrong line 12/18 times
obedience
changing behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure
compliance of person is due to perceived authority of asker; request is perceived as command
why did they conform to clearly wrong choices in Aschs experiments
Subjects reported having doubted their own perceptual abilities which led to their conformance – didn’t report seeing the lines the way the confederates had
