QUIZ I PART II Flashcards
1
Q
- usually have greater length than width
- found in the limbs
- slight posterior/plantar concavity (curvature) in the lower limb for strength
ex. Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsal bones, phalanges
A
Long Bones
2
Q
- the central tubular part
- primarily compact bone
A
Diaphysis/Shaft/Body
3
Q
- the hollow core in the diaphysis
- contains bone marrow
A
Medullary Cavity
4
Q
- the ends of the bone
- core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone, areas of articulation are covered with cartilage
- epiphysis is singular
A
Epiphyses
5
Q
- (Epiphyseal Plate / Growth Plate)
- joins epiphysis to metaphysis
- physis is singular
A
Physes
6
Q
- flared part between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
- core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone
- location where bone accumulates thereby increasing the length of the bone
- metaphysis is singular
A
Metaphyses
7
Q
- roughly cube-shaped
- found only in the carpus and tarsus
- core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone
ex. cuboid and cuneiforms
A
Short Bones
8
Q
- complex shapes with varying amounts of cancellous and compact bone
ex. vertebrae and facial bones
A
Irregular Bones
9
Q
- two parallel plates of compact bone with a minute amount of Cancellous bone between the two plates
ex. ribs and skull
A
Flat Bones
10
Q
- round or oval bones located within tendons or joint capsules
- functions:
1. protect the tendon from wear
2. create a mechanical advantage for the muscle by changing the angle
of the pull and altering the muscle action
ex. patella - largest sesamoid in the body,
and the sesamoids of the first metatarsal bone
A
Sesamoid Bones
11
Q
- small bones with smooth regular edges
- may be a non-fused portion of an existing bone or an extra bone
- may be located within joint capsules ex. os intermetatarseum (between the metatarsal bases) and os supratalare
- many in the foot
A
Accessory Bones / Accessory Ossicles
12
Q
- an opening (hole) for the passage of vessels
and nerves ex. nutrient foramen, sacral foramina
A
Foramen (foramina)
13
Q
- a ditch-like furrow for the passage of soft tissue structures
ex. obturator groove, lateral malleolar sulcus
A
Sulcus, Groove (sulci)
14
Q
- a depression in or on a bone
ex. iliac fossa, lateral malleolar fossa
A
Fossa (fossae)
15
Q
- an indentation along the edge of a bone
ex. greater sciatic notch
A
Notch
16
Q
- a large rounded or depressed articular prominence
ex. medial femoral condyle
A
Condyle
17
Q
- a small prominence superior to a condyle
ex. medial epicondyle of the femur
A
Epicondyle
18
Q
- a small rounded prominence for the attachment of soft tissue structures
ex. adductor tubercle of the femur
A
Tubercle
19
Q
- a large rounded prominence, often roughened for the attachment of soft tissue structures
ex. tibial tuberosity
A
Tuberosity
20
Q
- a large blunt process only on the femur
ex. greater trochanter
A
Trochanter
21
Q
- a prominent border or ridge
ex. median sacral crest
A
Crest
22
Q
- a ridge, much less prominent than a crest ex. soleal line of the tibia
A
Line, Ridge
23
Q
- all lower extremity bones begin as cartilage except the tufts (distal ends) of the distal phalanges
- the tuberosity of the distal phalanges ossify through a process called intramembranous ossification
- the ossification process from cartilage to bone is called endochondral bone formation or intracartilaginous ossification
A
Ossification
24
Q
- the tuberosity of the distal phalanges ossify through a process called
A
intramembranous ossification
25
- the ossification process from cartilage to bone is called
endochondral bone formation or intracartilaginous ossification
26
- at midshaft of the bone
- Primary ossification centers of all of the lower limb long bones are present at birth.
- forms the major part of the diaphysis
Primary Ossification Center of the long bones
27
- in the extremities (ends)
- may be present at birth
- one or more for each extremity
- form the epiphyses
Secondary Ossification Centers of the long bones
28
- area of cartilage between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
- allows for length-wise growth of bone
- form the metaphyses and part of the diaphysis
Epiphyseal Plate/Physis of the long bones
29
- in the bone’s center
- The center of ossification of some short bones is present at birth.
- most only have one center of ossification
- the calcaneus is an exception
- secondary center of ossification is located posteriorly and is called
the calcaneal apophysis
center of ossification for the short bone
30
where is the secondary center of ossification for the calcaneus?
its located posteriorly and called the calcaneal apophysis
31
- The appearance of the centers of ossification of the short bones of the foot can be used to determine a child's age radiographically. Using the bones of the hand is more accurate as there is less variability in the age of appearance of the centers of ossification of the manual short bones.
Determination of Age
32
the study of muscles
Myology
33
- connective tissue continuation of the muscle - connects muscle to bone
Tendon
34
what is the tendon comprised of?
tendon sheath
| watershed area
35
what is the tendon sheath comprised of?
paratenon
| mesotendon
36
what's so special about the mesotendon? what's its function?
vincula
areas for passage for vessels that nourish the tendon
37
what are associated structures of the muscle?
tendon
aponeurosis
bursa
38
- on tendons that do not have tendon sheaths
- the area of a tendon where there is the greatest potential of
injury due to a lack of blood supply
- tendons without sheaths receive blood from the bone to which it
attaches and from the muscle, majority from muscle
- this creates an area where the two sources meet at the watershed
Watershed Area
39
- flat connective tissue sheet
- attaches muscle to muscle, muscle to bone or muscle to skin
ex. plantar aponeurosis/plantar fascia
Aponeurosis
40
- a fluid-filled sac that decreases friction between 2 structures; ligament and bone, ligament and ligament, muscle and
bone, tendon and tendon, bone and skin
Bursa
41
- located just beneath the skin and develops as a result of abnormal friction ex. over a hallux valgus deformity (bunion)
Adventitious Bursa
42
name the muscle type:
heart muscle tissue
Cardiac Muscle
43
name the muscle type:
muscle of viscera
Non-striated Muscle / Smooth Muscle
44
name the muscle type:
voluntary muscle
also called striated muscle
Skeletal Muscle
45
name this part of the skeletal muscle:
contractile part of a skeletal muscle
- actual muscle tissue
belly
46
name this part of the skeletal muscle:
the functional stable attachment that does not move
- the proximal attachment from an anatomic view (and in this course)
origin
47
name this part of the skeletal muscle:
the functional mobile attachment
- the distal attachment from an anatomic view (and in this course)
insertion
48
name this direction of the fiber with respect to midline:
parallel to midline
ex. rectus femoris muscle and rectus abdominis muscles
Rectus
49
name this direction of the fiber with respect to midline:
perpendicular to midline
ex. transversus abdominis muscle and transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle
Transverse
50
name this direction of the fiber with respect to midline:
angle less than perpendicular tothe midline ex. oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle and internal oblique muscle (of abdomen)
Oblique
51
how do we name muscles? what are is the naming nomenclature based off?
```
direction of fibers
location
size
number of origins
shape
origin/insertion
action/function
```
52
term for naming size of muscle?
largest
ex. gluteus maximus muscle
maximus
53
term for naming size of muscle?
smallest
ex. gluteus minimus muscle
Minimus
54
term for naming size of muscle?
large
ex. adductor magnus muscle
Magnus
55
term for naming size of muscle?
longest
ex. adductor longus muscle
Longus
56
term for naming size of muscle?
shortest
ex. adductor brevis muscle
Brevis
57
name example of muscle that has 4 origins, 2 origins?
quadriceps femoris muscle
biceps brachii muscle
58
name a muscle that is quadrangular? trapezoidal?
quadratus plantae m
trapezius m
59
what is the general rule regarding muscles that crosses a joint?
has an action at that joint
60
name this type of arteries?
large arteries, nourished by?
conducting/elastic
vasa vasorum
61
name this type of arteries?
medium-sized arteries
distributing/muscular
62
name this type of arteries?
small to very small arteries
Arterioles
63
name this type of arteries?
an artery that is the only blood supply for an area
End
64
T/F, valves present within the veins?
T
65
what is a vena comitans?
a vein that travels with its respective artery
66
these veins travel without arteries?
superficial veins
67
microscopic vessels that allow exchange of nutrients and wastes for cells
- direct blood to venules
what are these vein types called?
capillaries
68
T/F, valves present in the lymph vessels?
T
69
what is the flow of lymph?
```
lymph capillaries
afferent lymph vessels
lymph nodes
efferent lymph vessels
lymph trunks
```
70
communications between arteries and/or veins?
Anastomoses
71
- communication between an arteriole and a venule
- help regulate body temperature by directing blood away from the surface to
deeper tissues (to warm) or to the surface from deeper tissues (to cool)
- can be traumatically
arteriovenous shunts
72
why do arteries tend to cross the flexor surface of muscles?
prevents collapse, so they don't get stretched to closing or crushed
