Quiz over Cardriomapothy-Respiratiry System Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Organ Failure
A
inadequacy of cardiac pump which can cause cariogenic shock or heart failure
2
Q
Heart failure
A
term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunction that results in inadequate perfusion of tissue with blood borne-nutrients
3
Q
Left sided heart failure
A
- more common
- left ventricle is not moving enough blood to the body
4
Q
Right sided heart failure
A
- right side of heart isn’t pumping blood into the lungs as well
- blood is less oxygenated
5
Q
Sudden cardiac death
A
natural death from cardiac causes within one hour of acute symptoms (not a heart attack)
6
Q
hematopoiesis
A
- formation of blood cellular components in the bone marrow
- bone marrow is multiple potent stem cell
- lymphoid or myeloid process
7
Q
hemoglobin
A
iron containing oxygen transporting metal protein in RBC
8
Q
Heme
A
precurser to hemoglobin
9
Q
erythropoiesos
A
formation of RBC
10
Q
what is needed for erythropoiesos to occur
A
- ) protein
- ) Iron
- ) vitamin B12
- ) Folic acid
11
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A
hormone produced by the kidneys that simulates RBC production
12
Q
where do platelets come from
A
fragmenets of megakaryocyte
13
Q
hematocrit
A
- the volume % of RBC in blood
- normal is 12-16 g/dl of blood
14
Q
blood smear
A
looks at blood cells
15
Q
anemia
A
- abnormally low hemoglobin
- Caused by low hemoglobin in RBC or low RBC number
16
Q
microcytic
A
smaller than normal
17
Q
Macrocytic
A
- larger than normal
- due to deficiency in B12 of folic acid
- causes very few but very O2 rich hemoglobin
18
Q
normocytic anemia
A
normal size and appearance
19
Q
microcytic anemia
A
-cells smaller tha normal
20
Q
Hypochronic anemia
A
reduced hemoglobin count
21
Q
hypochronic microcytic anemia
A
reduced hemoglobin and smaller size
22
Q
iron-deficeny anemia
A
- hypochormic microcytic anemia
- caused by low iron or chronuc blood loss
23
Q
Perinicious anemia
A
- lack of B12 resulting in macrocytic anemia
- the lack of B12 can’t combine with instrinsic factor in the stomach
24
Q
anemia of chronic disease
A
mild supression if bone marrow
25
Aplastic anemia
atrophy of bone marrow via injury
26
myelopthisic anemia
bone marrow infiltrated by tumor or replaced by fibrous tissue
27
hemolytic anemia
- premature destruction of RBC
| - caused by active bone marrow, increased EPO, or increased reticulocytes
28
reticulocytes
premature RBC
29
polycythemia
- too many RBC
- primary: disease is main cause
- secondary: second to another disease
- causes blood to be thick
30
leukocytosis
- too many WBC
| - can be normal if sick with infection
31
leukopenia
-too little WBC
32
Infectous Mononucleosis
- infection of lymphocytes (B cells)
| - caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
33
Leukemia
- malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow
| - can be myeloid or lymphoid and acute or chronic
34
common types of leukemia
- granulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
35
features of leukemia
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
- common infections
- high WBC count
36
what is the most common leukemia in children?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
37
Lymphomas
affecting T and B cells that are present in lymph nodes
38
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
- cancer cells can spill into blood and be misdiagnosed as leukemia
- more common with age
39
Hodgkin's lymphoma
- most common cancer in 10-30 year olds
- Reed-sternberg cells
- B cells gone rogue (don't act normal)
- can be assocaited with Epstein-Barr Virus
40
Myeloma
- malignant disease of plasma cells
| - patients 45 or older
41
what occurs in myeloma
- body has useless antibodies (won't function)
- impaired humoral immunity
- hypogammaglobulunemia
- most common cause of death is infection of renal failure
42
hypogammaglobulinemia
low antibodies in blood associated with myeloma
43
Thrombocytosis
too many platelets
44
thrombocytopenia
too little platelets
45
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
platelets antibodies attack platelets in blood
46
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
47
Phase 1 of hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
- lumen narrows to lower blood loss
- bring hemostatic components of blood closer to proximity
48
Phase 2 of hemostasis
Platelet Plug
- thrombocytes are activated when exposed to collagen
- platelets become round and sticky
- secrete granules
49
ADP
stimulates shape change of platelets and released thromboxane A2
50
Thromboxane A2
amplifies initial clumping of platelets
51
vasoactive amines
epiphrine helps maintain vasoconstriction
52
Phase 3 of hemostasis
Clot by Coagulation
- extrinsic/tissue factor due to trauma
- instrinsic/contact coagulation
- Cascade: Thrombin activates fibrinogen and fibrinogen activates fibrin
53
plasminogen
- secreted by liver in active form
- plasminogen activated when cells secrete Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
- plasminogen turns to plasmin
- desolve fibrin
54
Tissue Plasminogen Activator clinical uses
used in myocardial infarct and strokes
55
`hypersplenism
enlarged spleen causes early removal of platelets
56
Virchows Triangle
- endothelial injury
- altered blood flow
- hypercoagulability
57
altered blood flow
- arteries: turbulent
| - veins: stasis
58
how is birth control related to Virchows traingle
increase in estrogen levels increase coagulation factors
59
Warfarin
- anti-coagulation
- reduces amount of vitmain K available
- reduces coagulation
60
Heparin
- anti-coagulation
| - inactivates thrombin
61
Asprin
- anti-platelets
- inhibits thromboxane A2 formation
- decrease platelet number
62
hemophilia
- caused by too little coagulation
- acquired by liver disease or lack of vitamin K
- causes big and spontaneous bruising, blood in urine, bleeding in mouth/lips/tongue
- X linked disorder
63
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
-increases clotting by releasing thromboplastic material in circulation
-used for:
snake bites, gram - bacteria, surgery,
64
function of alveoli
site of gas exchange and produce surfactant
65
mucociliary escalator
specialized epithelial lniing of bronchiol tree that traps inhaled particles in mucus and move it into mouth to be swallowed
66
respiratory acidosis
- hypoventilation
| - more CO2 being held in
67
respiratory alkalosis
- hyperventilation (increased breathing rate)
| - blowing CO2 out
68
intrapleural pressure
- pressure within pleural cavity
| - normally lower than intrapulomary pressure to hold lungs open
69
spirometry
tests for lung volumes and capacities
70
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
amount if air you can inhale and forcefully exhale
71
Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1)
amount of air you can inhale and forcefully exhale in 1 second
72
athelectasis
collapsed lung
73
Bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchus
74
consolidation
filling air spaces by anything other than air
75
pneumothraz
air in pleural cavity causing collapsed lung
76
restrictive lung disease
restricts air inhaled
77
obstructive lung disease
- difficulty exhaling air
| - caused decrease in FEV1
78
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- alveoli don't make enough surfactant causing them to expand less and collapse in exhaling
- premature infant, C section infant, infant w diabetic mother
- supplemental oxygen and surfactant
79
Cystic Fibrosus
- mutation in chloride channel causing passagways to be plugged with mucus
- causes: bronchiectasis (dilation of bronchi), can't move mucus out, coughing blood, and collapsed lung
80
pneumonia
- inflammation of alveoli
- bacteria, virus, fungi, or mycoplasma
- purulent sputum, high fever
- at risk: infection or retention of bronchi secretion
81
causes and symptoms Obstructive lung disease
wheezing, coughing, dyspena, tachypnea
82
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- group of disorders characterized by reducing airflow and impairing gas exchange
- progressive, non reversible
- age related
- types: emphysema and chronic bronchitis
83
Chronic Bronchitis
- inflammation of bronchioles
| - persistant cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years
84
Emphysema
destruction of elastic tissue in alveoli causing them to deflate
85
Asthma
- type of obstructive pulomary disease, not COPD becuase it can be reversed
- assocaited with bronchospasms
- most cases are allergic based
86
treatment of asthma
- drugs that dilate bronchiol walls (epinphrine)
| - drugs reducing inflammation (corticosteroid inhalers)
87
noninfectious interstitial disease
infection if space between that is not a bacteria or virus
88
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- diffuse alveolar damage (alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium)
- results in hypoxemia which can lead to organ failure
