RAD THERA - FINALS L1 Flashcards by DA RRT

Any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably

Cancer

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The genes you were born with might carry a predisposition for cancer, thus making the cancer _______

Inherited

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Cancer is the ______-leading cause of death in the world.

A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth

B. Second

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Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called _______

Genes

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Any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes the formation of cancer ?

BONUS Q: What is the term for the formation of cancer ?

Carcinogen

BONUS Q Ans: Carcinogenesis

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The carcinogenic substances need not be toxic immediately, they are ______

Insidious

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Which carcinogenicity risk factor is characterized by smoking or chewing tobacco, alcohol consumptions and high fat, low fiber diet intake and lack of physical activity.

Lifestyle

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To detect danger signs and symptoms of cancer, one should check for and use the mnemonics _____, which stand for:

CAUTION US =

C-hange in Bowel Movements or Bladder Habits

A- sore that does not heal

U-nusual bleeding or discharge

T-hickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere

I-ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing

O-bvious changes in wart or mole

N-agging cough or hoarseness

U-nexplained Anemia

S-udden Weight Loss

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The following are documented carcinogens EXCEPT:

A. Hormones

B. Chemotherapy

C. Brachytherapy

D. Exposure to Radiation and Sunlight

C. Brachytherapy

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TRUE OR FALSE

The size or position of the tumor mass may inhibit organ functions or compress adjacent structures comprising vital functions like swallowing or breathing

TRUE

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TRUE OR FALSE

The diagnosis of cancer does not cause tremendous psychological burden for patients and their families.

FALSE

(The diagnosis of cancer CAUSES tremendous psychological burden for patients and their families.)

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This is an abnormal growth of body tissue

Tumor

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These are non-cancerous tumors that cannot spread nor grow or they do so very slowly

Benign Tumors

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The three (3) main types of tumor are:

Benign
Premalignant
Malignant

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In these tumors, the cells are not yet cancerous, but they have the potential to become malignant.

Premalignant Tumors

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What are the two (2) GENERAL TYPES OF TUMORS ?

Benign (Non-cancerous) Tumors
Malignant (Cancerous) Tumors

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These are tumors considered cancerous

Malignant Tumors

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Tumors are usually classified according to the type of ______ and _____ from which they originate

Type of Cell
Type of Tissue

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Grading pertains to the ______ of a tumor, whereas Staging is then directed to the _____ of the tumor

Grading = Aggressiveness (Gaano Kabilis)

Staging = Extent (Gaano Kalaki / Kalala)

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This is the evaluation of the degree of differentiation of a tumor and pertains to its aggressiveness.

Grading

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This is a tumor grade wherein grade cannot be assessed

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TUMOR GRADING:

Well-differentiated tumor

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TUMOR GRADING:

Moderately Well-differentiated tumor

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TUMOR GRADING:

Poorly Undifferentiated

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TUMOR GRADING: Undifferentiated

Well differentiated and low numeric grading values are the most deviated from normal and are most aggressive. Undifferentiated and high numeric values are the least deviated from normal and are less aggressive. A. 1st Statement is Correct; 2nd Statement is Incorrect B. 1st Statement is Incorrect; 2nd Statement is Correct C. Both Statements are Correct D. None of the Statements are Correct

D. None of the Statements are Correct Well differentiated and low numeric grading values are the LEAST DEVIATED from normal. Undifferentiated and high numeric values are the MOST DEVIATED FROM NORMAL AND ARE MOST AGGRESSIVE.

It is the most widely used cancer staging system described by pathology report.

The TNM Staging System

The components of the TNM Staging System are simply broken down as: T= N= M=

T= Size and Extent of Main Tumor N= Number of Nearby Lymph Nodes M= Metastasis

This means that the main tumor cannot be measured

This means that the main tumor cannot be found.

TRUE OR FALSE In the TNM Staging System, X represents NO MEASUREMENT whereas - represents NO VISIBILITY.

TRUE

Try this: How do you describe a tumor labelled as T1NXM1 ?

T3NXM1 The Tumor is nearing larger extent, but cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured, still, the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Try this: How do you describe a tumor labelled as TXN0M0 ?

TXN0M0 There is no main tumor to be measured, alongside the absence of cancer in nearby lymph nodes, and there are ultimately no cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer stage wherein abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue.

Stage 0

Stage 0 Cancer is also known as _______

Carcinoma in Situ (CIS)

Cancer is limited to the place where it started, with no sign that it has spread

Localized Cancer

Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs.

Regional Cancer

Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Distant Cancer

There is not enough information to figure out the stage.

Unknown

This is the spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body.

Metastases

What are the four (4) Common Sites of Metastases:

1. Brain 2. Bones 3. Lungs 4. Liver (Baby-Boy-Lang-Lagi)

Occurrence of Metastases may be done through the following EXCEPT: A. Direct Invasion to Adjacent Structures B. Lymphatic Invasion through Lymph Vessels to Nodes C. Distant Spread via Blood Vessels to Other Sites of Organs D. NOTA

D. NOTA (Lahat yan pasok. Analyze and take note nalang hehe)

These are cancer cells that have spread to the brain from another part of the body.

Brain Metastases / Metastatic Brain Tumors

These emerge when cancer cells spread to the bones.

Bone Metastases / Bone Mets

It is a malignant tumor that has spread from another organ affected by cancer, thereby affecting this large organ capable of being a rich, dual blood supply.

Liver Metastases / Liver Mets

Liver Mets are _____ times more common than primary liver tumors

These are cancerous tumors that spread to the lungs from another part of the body.

Lung Metastases

What are the six (6) major categories of Cancer by Histological Type:

1. Carcinoma 2. Sarcoma 3. Myeloma 4. Leukemia 5. Lymphoma 6. Mixed Types (Choo-Sy-Much-La-La-Mo)

This is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL LINING OF THE BODY, accounting for 80 to 90 % of all cancer cases.

Carcinoma

This is carcinoma that develops in an organ or gland and generally occur in MUCUS MEMBRANES.

Adenocarcinoma (Mamasa-masa :>)

These are carcinoma that originate in the squamous epithelium

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This is cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat.

Sarcoma

Cancer of the Bone

Osteosarcoma

Cancer of the Cartilage

Chondrosarcoma

Cancer of the Smooth Muscle

Leiomyosarcoma

Cancer of the Skeletal Muscle

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Cancer of the Membranous Lining of Body Cavities

Mesothelial Sarcoma / Mesothelioma

Cancer of the Fibrous Tissue

Fibrosarcoma

Cancer of the Blood Vessels

Angiosarcoma / Hemangioendothelioma

Cancer of the Adipose Tissue

Liposarcoma

Cancer of the Neurogenic Connective Tissue Found in the Brain

Glioma / Astrocytoma

Cancer of the PRIMITIVE Embryonic Connective Tissue

Myxosarcoma

Cancer of Mixed Connective Tissue Types

Mesenchymous / Mixed Mesodermal Tumor

This is cancer that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow

Myeloma

These are cancers of the bone marrow often associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells.

Leukemias

Leukemia is also known as ______ or _____

1. Liquid Cancers 2. Blood Cancers

Malignancy of the myeloid and granulocytic white blood cell series

Myelogenous / Granulocytic Leukemia

The word "Leukemia" means ________ in _____

1. White Blood 2. Greek

Malignancy of the lymphoid and lymphocytic blood cell series

Lymphatic, Lymphocytic, or Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Malignancy of various blood cell products, but with red cells predominating

Polycythemia Vera / Erythremia

These develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system, a network of vessels, nodes, and organs (specifically the spleen, tonsils, and thymus) that purify bodily fluids and produce infection fighting white blood cells, or lymphocytes.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas are also called as ________

Solid Cancers

The following are common sites where cancer develops EXCEPT: A. Skin B. Lungs C. Female Breasts D. Gall Bladder

D. Gall Bladder

TRUE OR FALSE Cancers named after the primary site are always accurate.

FALSE Cancers named after the primary site MAY NOT BE AS ACCURATE. They do not specify the type of tissue involved and is rather only indicating where the cancer is located.

The two (2) major types of Lung Cancer are:

1. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 2. Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell Lung cancer types are (3):

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Large Cell Carcinoma

These are cancers derived from the melanocytes, or pigment cells, in the deepest level of the epidermis

Melanoma

These are cancers that usually occur on parts of the body EXPOSED TO THE SUN, such as the face, ears, and extremities

Basal Cell and Squamous Cell

Which type of cancer is difficult to detect at an early stage because the symptoms often do not appear until the disease has advanced A. Lung Cancer B. Breast Cancer C. Cervical Cancer D. Skin Cancer

A. Lung Cancer

______ in _____ women in the US will eventually develop breast cancer in her lifetime.

1 in 8 Women

Most breast cancers are _________ carcinomas

Ductal

TRUE OR FALSE Women most likely to develop breast cancer are those over the age of 30.

FALSE Women most likely to develop breast cancer are those over the age of 50.

TRUE OR FALSE Women who never had children are endangered with the risk of breast cancer.

TRUE

This pertains to the age where menstruation begins

Early Menarche

Breast self-examination must be performed A. Weekly B. Monthly C. Quarterly D. Yearly

B. Monthly (Oh diba mammo tayo bigla)

This is cancer found mainly in older men wherein the prostate may enlarge and block the urethra or bladder.

Cancer of the Prostate / Prostate Cancer

TRUE OR FALSE Prostate cancer is likely if an old man urinates often, especially during the day.

FALSE Prostate cancer is likely if an old man urinates often, especially AT NIGHT.

In cancers of the large intestine, _____% occur in the colon and about ____ % in the rectum

Colon = 70 % Rectum = 30 %

It is classified as the most common gynecologic malignancy which occurs infrequently in women under 40 years of age.

Cancer of the Uterus

____ to ____% of uterine malignancies occur in women who received pelvic radiation ____ to ___ years earlier for benign bleeding.

1. 10 - 25 % 2. 5 to 25 Years Earlier

This pertains to malignant tumor of the adult fibrous tissue

Fibrosarcoma

What are the medical terminologies for Benign and Malignant Tumors of Fat ?

Benign = Lipoma Malignant = Liposarcoma

It is a recently defined series of cells which have endocrine functions in that they secrete one of a variety of small amine or polypeptide hormones.

Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD / APUD System)

What type of cells form malignant tumors in the bronchial lining ?

Kultschitzky Cells

What do you call benign tumor of the breast ?

Fibroadenoma

What do you call the malignant tumor of the pancreas ?

Islet Cell Carcinoma

This pertains to benign growths of the meninges.

Meningioma

What is the malignant tumor for placenta ?

Choriocarcinoma

Which of the following is considered as a malignant tumor for Nerve Cells ? A. Ganglioneuroma B. Neuroblastoma C. Medulloblastoma D. Neurofibrosarcoma

Either B or C (Neuroblastoma & Medulloblastoma)

Benign tumor of the C Cells of the Thyroid is known as

C Cell Hyperplasia

RAD THERA - FINALS L1 Flashcards

(100 cards)