Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RADIATION THERAPY > RAD THERA - MIDTERM L2 > Flashcards

RAD THERA - MIDTERM L2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two events in the last five years of the 19th century that revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment ?

A
  1. Discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895
  2. Discovery of Radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NCRP stands for _____

A

National Council on Radiation Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The evolution of radiotherapy techniques evolved with three (3) noted innovations, namely:

A
  1. Conventional Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy
  2. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
  3. Robotic Radiation Therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This involves x-ray machines that operate at a potential of 50-100 kV

A

Superficial Therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This involves x-ray machines that operate at a potential of 40-50 kV

A

Contact Therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These are x-ray therapy units at the range of 500 - 1000 KV

A

Supervoltage Machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This involves therapy machines that operate at the range of 100-500 KV

A

Orthovoltage Machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is a machine that can produce heavy charged particles atoms for proton beam therapy which is useful for treating specific lesions

BONUS Q: Who invented this machine ?

A

Cyclotron

Bonus: Ernest O. Lawrence - 1932

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An electrostatic accelerator that produce high energy x-rays at about 12 MV

A

Van de Graaf Unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

It is the first machine in which high energy x-ray and electron producing megavoltage machine beam up to 45 MeV, accelerated in a circular orbit via a changing magnetic field

A

Betatrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Betatrons were developed by ______

A

Dwight Kerst - 1941

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enumerate the 4 limitations of Betatrons:

A
  1. Low Dose Rate
  2. Physically Large
  3. Limited Field Sizes
  4. Limited Motions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A combination of high energy and gamma ray emission to permit a useful treatment distance , ideally a minimum of _______

A

80 cm SSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is the dose gradient produced outside the useful radiation beam

A

Penumbra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It results from the effective area of the radiation source

A

Geometric Penumbra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is the dose received outside of the useful beam as a
result of transmission through the secondary collimators

A

Transmission Penumbra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cobalt-60 was developed by _______ and company in _____

A
  1. Engr. Harold E. Johns
  2. 1952
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cobalt-60 has 2 photons per disintegration, ______ and _____ with effective energy of ______

A
  1. 1.17 MeV
  2. 1.33 MeV
  3. 1.25 MeV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Half life of Cobalt 60 is ______

A

5.26 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The principles of LINAC were proposed by ______ in ____

A
  1. Gustav Ising
  2. 1924
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The first LINAC built at Stanford was made possible by _____ and _____ in _____

A
  1. William Hansen
  2. Varian Brothers
  3. 1947
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The first LINAC was constructed by ______ in _____

A
  1. Rolfe Wideroe
  2. 1928
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The first patient treated with medical LINAC was done at _______ in _____ on ______

A
  1. Hammersmith Hospital
  2. London
  3. 1953
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The first medical LINAC in the western hemisphere was developed by ______ and ______ at _____ in SF, USA

A
  1. Dr. Henry Kaplan
  2. Physicist Edward Ginzton
  3. Stanford Hospital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
The first use of Cyberknife was conducted in what year ?
1994
18
The implementation of 4D IGRT was made possible in what year ?
2004
19
It uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons to high energies through a linear tube
Linear Accelerator
20
Built between 1953 up to 1961 with low energy x-rays up to 4-6 MV, with low energy photons up to 8 MV with limited gantry motions, were extremely large and bulky
1st Generation (Klystron-based) LINAC
21
Built between 1962 to 1982, with medium energy x-rays up to 10-15 MV and electron; they were isocentric units, which can rotate 360 degrees around the central axis
2nd Generation (Magnetron-based) LINACS
22
This may include dual photon energies, multi-leaf collimator (MLC), several electron energies (6,9,12,16,22 MeV) and electronic portal imaging device (EPID) verification systems with better accelerator waveguides and bending magnet system and more beam modifying accessories
3rd Generation (Traveling Waveguide) LINACS
23
This is a computer-controlled dual energy LINAC with electrons
4th Generation (Digital/Computer-controlled) LINACS
24
Computer controlled dual energy LINAC with electron, combined with intensity modulation with MLC
5th Generation (Image-Guided) LINACS
25
It is located outside the treatment room where initiation and monitoring of radiation treatment takes place.
Control Room
26
Systems are linked to treatment machines for the purpose of verifying set parameters and recording every treatments being input in the computer.
Record and Verify System Computers
27
It is designed with the treatment head located at the top
Gantry
28
A point in space which the axis of the gantry rotates 360°. It is also the reference point for many treatment parameters.
Isocenter
29
The source of electron injected into the accelerator structure
Electron Gun
30
Energized by microwave power supplied through the waveguide from the klystron or magnetron
Accelerator Structure
31
Magnetically deflects electrons coming from the accelerator around a loop to be used for x-ray or electron beam production
Bending Magnet
32
Contains collimator for beam shaping, ion chambers for beam monitoring and various beam production devices including the target.
Treatment Head
33
A thin lead foil causes fairly uniform electron distribution across the beam.
Scattering Foil
34
Used to reduce the intensity of the forward peaked dose, usually consists of lead, tungsten and uranium
Flattening Filters
35
A dose monitoring system that monitors dose rate, integrated dose and beam symmetry
Ion Chamber
36
A range finder used to align the patient to the proper distance relative to the radiation source.
Optical Distance Indicator (ODD)
37
A light used to align the patient’s treatment area to the beam.
Light Field
38
It defines the treatment field size, which is the width (X or X1, X2) and length (Y or Y1,Y2) of a square or rectangular area.
Collimators
39
MLC stands for ______
Multi-Leaf Collimator
40
It places the patient under the gantry relative to the isocenter.
Treatment Table / Couch
41
It is suspended from the treatment room ceiling or attached to the table/couch. It contains controls for setting the collimator size, collimator angle, and gantry angle.
Hand-held Control Pendant
42
The source of microwave power which sits upon an insulating oil tank similar to an x-ray
Klystron or Magnetron
43
The following are advantages of Cobalt-60 EXCEPT: A. Low Cost of Machine B. Easy to Maintain C. Large Penumbra D. Accessibility of Parts
C. Large Penumbra
44
TRUE OR FALSE LINAC has symmetric or independent teeth w/c are important for many radical treatment techniques
FALSE LINAC has ASYMMETRIC or independent JAWS w/c are important for many radical treatment techniques
45
It is the activity of checking, by comparison with a standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type.
Calibration
46
The goal of calibration is to _________
Minimize Any Measurement Uncertainty (M.A.M.U)
47
This indicates that the measurement error is smaller than a so-called maximum permissible error
Verification
48
It is the verification if calibration is valid
Internal Control
49
One essential ingredient to a great QA process is _______
Regular Calibration Sessions
50
The total energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by unit mass of material, especially of living tissue; usually measured in grays (SI unit) or rads
Radiation Dose
51
A dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass.
Absorbed Dose
52
The quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time
Dose Rate / Dose Distribution
53
The measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body
Radiation Dosimetry
54
The process of relating the administered amount of radioactivity to the absorbed radiation dose in tumors, organs, or the whole body
Dosimetry
55
A device, instrument or system that measures or evaluates, either directly or indirectly, the quantities exposure, kerma, absorbed dose or equivalent dose, or their time derivatives (rates), or related quantities of ionizing radiation.
Radiation Dosimeter
56
What are the three (3) devices commonly used for Dosimetry:
1. Phantoms 2. Ion Chamber 3. Electrometer
57
A mass of material similar to human tissue used to investigate the effect of radiation beam on human body
Phantoms
58
The primary tool used for absolute dosimetry; consisting of a transparent plastic tub (about 60cm in all dimensions) filled with water.
Water Phantoms
58
These are phantoms shaped into a shape approximating a human torso, including internal inhomogeneities.
Anthropomorphic Phantoms
58
______ may be placed within the pre-hollowed holes of slab phantoms
Ionization Chambers
58
Square blocks of varying thickness which may be build out of different materials.
Slab Phantoms
59
TRUE OR FALSE Ionization Chamber is used in both LINAC and Cobalt-60 Teletherapy machines
TRUE
59
It is a closed device containing a gas for determining the intensity of x-rays by measuring the current flow between oppositely charged electrodes.
Ionization Chambers
60
It has an attached ion chamber capacitor which provides a reading on calibrated scale when exposed to ionizing radiation
Electrometer
61
The amount of radiation delivered in a given time by the machine under treatment condition
Machine Output
62
Dose rate of Cobalt-60 is expressed in terms of ______
Centigray per Minute (cGy/min)
63
Dose rate of LINAC is expressed in terms of _______
Monitor Unit per Minute (MU/min)

RADIATION THERAPY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions