RAD THERA - FINALS L2 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What are the two (2) main ways on how radiation can damage DNA inside living cells ?
A
- Strike the DNA Molecule Directly
- Ionize in Water Molecules to Produce Free Radicals that React With and Damage DNA
2
Q
Which is believed to be the primary mechanism accounting for cell kill ?
A
Injury to DNA Molecules
3
Q
Which two (2) subatomic particles are considered as DIRECTLY IONIZING PARTICLES ?
A
Electrons and Protons
4
Q
Which two (2) subatomic particles are considered as INDIRECTLY IONIZING PARTICLES ?
A
Neutron and Photons
5
Q
________% of the body is water
A
Water
6
Q
The absorption of radiation by a water molecule produces an ______ and ______
A
- Ion Pair (H+, OH-)
- Free Radicals (H<OH)
7
Q
What do you call the period wherein cell changes occur over a period of time ?
A
Latent Period
8
Q
This pertains to distribution of radiation dose WITH RESPECT TO TIME.
A
Fractionation
9
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
A greater tolerance of irradiated normal tissues is attained by protracting radiation doses.
A
FALSE
A greater tolerance of irradiated normal tissues is attained by FRACTIONATING radiation doses.
10
Q
Conventional fractionation schedules for EBRT treatment are doses of _______ to ______ given ________ and _____ a week.
A
- 180 cGy - 200 cGy
- Once a Day
- 5 Days a Week
(Centigray basa dun sa unit ha)
11
Q
As the interval of time between treatment increases, total dose must be _____ to produce the same effect
A
Increased
12
Q
It is the overall time to deliver prescribed dose from beginning of course of radiation until its completion
A
Time Factor
13
Q
This demonstrates that the same proportion, not the same number of cells are killed with each incremental dose of radiation
A
Cell Survival Theory
14
Q
This becomes the composite of all shoulder repetitions
A
Effective Survival Curve
15
Q
It is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, organisms, or other substances to the harmful effect or injurious action of ionizing radiation
A
Radiosensitivity
16
Q
Radiosensitivity is the ________ response of cancer cells to radiation
A
Inherent
17
Q
It is HOW QUICKLY a tumor REGRESSES after radiation
A
Responsiveness
18
Q
Who are the two French scientists who observed that radiosensitivity was a function of the metabolic state of the tissue being irradiated ?
A
Jean Bergonie and Louis Tribondeau
19
Q
It states that radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with maturity and metabolism
A
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
20
Q
Stem Cells are ________ while Mature Cells are _______
A
Stem Cells = Radiosensitive
Mature Cells = Radioresistant
21
Q
YOUNGER tissues and organs are _________
A. Radiosensitive
B. Radioresistant
A
A. Radiosensitive
22
Q
Tissues with high metabolic activity are _________
A. Radiosensitive
B. Radioresistant
A
A. Radiosensitive
23
Q
High proliferation rate for cells and high growth rate for tissues result in __________ radiosensitivity
A. Increased
B. Decreased
A
A. Increased
24
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
A fetus is considerably less sensitive to radiation exposure than a child or mature adult
A
FALSE
A fetus is considerably MORE SENSITIVE to radiation exposure than a child or mature adult.
(Remember QA Finals Exam :>)
25
TRUE OR FALSE
Cell damage increases with increasing radiation dose.
TRUE
26
What kind of tumor REQUIRES HIGHER DOSES to accomplish comparable damage ?
Radioresistant Tumor
27
It is a comparison of the dose required to eradicate a tumor to the dose that normal tissue can tolerate.
Therapeutic Ratio
28
Optimally, it is desirable for the normal tissues to tolerate a ______ than what is necessary to destroy the tumor.
Higher Dose
29
It is the process by which cells proliferate
Mitosis
30
It is a phase during which DNA is synthesized when cells are not dividing between mitosis
Interphase
31
Radiosensitivity of a cell changes as it moves through the cell cycle, thus being _____ sensitive during Mitosis (M) and _____ sensitive during Synthesis (S).
Mitosis (M) = Most Sensitive
Synthesis (S) = Least Sensitive
32
What are the four (4) distinct phases of the Cell Cycle ?
1. G1 Phase
2. S Phase
3. G2 Phase
4. M Phase
33
Cell Cycle Phases:
The starting phase or growth phase
G1 Phase
34
Cell Cycle Phases:
The phase wherein DNA synthesis and replication amount of DNA is doubled.
Synthesis (S) Phase
35
It is the phase of cell division and formation of two diploid cells
BONUS Q: What do you call the formation of two diploid cells
Mitosis/Mitotic (M) Phase
BONUS ANS: Cytokinesis
35
Cell Cycle Phases:
It is the gap between the DNA synthesis and decision to divide
G2 Phase
36
How long does the G1, S, and G2 Phases collectively take ?
12 to 24 Hours in a Mammalian Cell
37
How long does the M Phase take ?
1-2 Hours
38
The level of cell killing depends on the _________
BONUS Q: The above concept sums up which principle ?
Amount of Oxygen Present
BONUS ANS: Oxygen Effect
39
Electron beams in well-oxygenated regions can be up to ________ greater than in a poorly vasculated portion of the tumor ?
Three Times
40
These are conditions with a decrease in oxygen supply
Hypoxic Conditions
41
______ to _____ times the dose is required to achieve the same effect for hypoxic conditions as under oxygenated conditions
2.5 to 3 Times
42
TRUE OR FALSE
Most tumors have an oxygenated component which may be a major factor in limiting results of RT.
FALSE
Most tumors have a HYPOXIC COMPONENT which may be a major factor in limiting results of RT.
43
It is the ratio of doses under HYPOXIC TO AERATED conditions that produce the same biological effect.
Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
44
TRUE OR FALSE
Radiation Therapy is a local treatment whereas chemotherapy is a general form of treatment.
TRUE
45
TRUE OR FALSE
Rapidly reproducing tissues are less likely to manifest acute radiation effects
FALSE
Rapidly reproducing tissues are MOST SEVERELY AFFECTED by acute radiation effects
(Basta rapidly, mabilis and mataas chances nyan to be affected)
46
Doses above the Maximal Tolerable Dose (MDT) means _______ damage.
Permanent
47
Patients treated curatively may accept a _______ rate of complications while those treated for palliation should be given doses consistent with ______ rate of side effects.
Curative = Higher Rate
Palliative = Lower Rate
47
These effects are categorized into acute disorders whose symptoms appear within several weeks after exposure.
Deterministic Effects
48
These effects have late-emerging incidences that cannot be completely denied even with low dose exposure but are managed on the safe side in general
Stochastic Effects
49
How much is the average yearly background radiation dose in the UK ?
2 mSv
50
What is the local annual dose limit for radiation workers in the Philippines ? (Source - PNRI)
A. 50 mSv
B. 500 mSv
C. 50 Ci
D. 500 Ci
A. 50 mSv (5 rem/yr)
51
What is the annual dose limit for the public every year ? (Source - PNRI,)
A. 3 mSv
B. 5 mSv
C. 6 mSv
D. 8 mSv
B. 5 mSv (0.5 rem/yr)
52
This is known as skin peeling
Desquamation
53
This is known as skin redness/reddening
Erythema
54
What do you call skin peeling and redness with tissue breakdown
Moist Desquamation
55
Onset of most skin reactions is at about ________ using conventional fractionation.
3,000 cGy (30 Gy)
56
It is classified as veiny appearance of the skin
Telangiectasia
57
It pertains to tissue death that also counts as a possible late side effect following exposure to high radiation dose.
Tissue Necrosis
58
The intensity of skin reactions varies and are usually categorized as ____, ____, and ____
1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
59
This allows the delivery of high tumor doses at depth while minimizing surface (skin) dose, thus minimizing skin reactions.
Skin Sparing Effect
60
These are rapidly dividing cells that are acutely affected by radiation and classified as watery areas.
Mucous Membrane
61
Acute radiation effects to rapidly dividing cells generally cause ____, ____, and____
1. Irritation
2. Inflammation
3. Peeling
62
Which medical condition pertains to the halt of production of saliva due to irradiation of salivary glands.
Xerostomia
63
The following are acute effects of eye irradiation effect EXCEPT:
A. Conjunctivitis
B. Dry Eye Syndrome
C. Hordeolum
D. Cataract Formation
C. Hordeolum
64
This condition can lead to chronic fibrosis of the lung tissue.
Radiation Pneumonitis
65
In the growing bones of children, radiation can cause ________
Irreversible Changes
66
In children under age ______, bone growth can be arrested when high doses are administered.
Two (2)
67
This contains the stem cells for the production of blood cells
Bone Marrow
68
These cells are part of the body's immune system that are essential in fighting infection.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
69
The main effects on the hematopoietic system are ________
Bone Marrow Effect
70
The esophagus and stomach can tolerate up to _______ conventionally fractionated.
A. 2,000 cGy
B. 3,000 cGy
C. 4,000 cGy
D. 5,000 cGy
C. 4,000 cGy
71
_______ and ______ are common acute GI effects and can be symptomatically treated.
1. Difficulty Swallowing
2. Heartburn
72
What are the three (3) chronic GI effects of high doses of radiation:
1. Ulceration
2. Atrophy
3. Fibrosis
73
It is the major side effect involving the lower GI tract.
Diarrhea
74
________ is less common than pulmonary toxicity
Cardiac Toxicity
75
Cardiac injury occurrences involve the ______ , _____, or ______
1. Pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Blood Vessel
76
It is the common effect of brain tumors and in some cases, radiation may increase edema
Cerebral Edema
77
________ brain tissue in pediatric patients is more vulnerable to radiation damage.
Developing
78
Irreversible spinal cord injury is also called as ______
Myelitis
79
This pertains to the shortening or narrowing of the vagina due to scar tissue formation
Vaginal Stenosis
80
Radiation aimed at the pelvis can damage nerves in the pelvic area that block blood flow to the penis causing lower sperm counts and decrease testosterone levels leading to infertility, collectively remarked as __________
Erectile Dysfunction
81
It is the most commonly occurring radiation-induced cancer
Skin Cancer
82
When radiation therapy is indicated, skin cancer patients are generally treated by orthovoltage radiation in the ____ to ____ kVp range
140 - 180 kVp
83
These are used to collimate beams that reach localized skin areas
Orthovoltage Cone Attachments
84
Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors fall into three (3) broad categories, namely:
1. Primary Brain Tumors
2. Brain Metastases from Another Primary Tumor
3. Meningeal Involvement
85
The CNS has traditionally been described as _______
A. Radiosensitive
B. Radioresistant
B. Radioresistant
86
This is an aggregate of cancer of the lips, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, larynx,
nose and nasal sinuses, neck, ears and salivary glands
Head and Neck Cancer
87
TRUE OR FALSE
Brain Metastases are the most common brain tumors
TRUE
88
Which helps in the optimization of dosage tumor of the head and neck ?
A. MRI Treatment Planning
B. CT Treatment Planning
C. Ultrasound Planning
D. Tumor Localization
B. CT Treatment Planning
89
Head and neck irradiation is often performed as a ______ technique
Three-field
90
It is the LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FROM CANCER and only a small number of patients have completely resected tumors.
Lung Cancer
91
Most lung tumor cases require combining which projections to achieve adequate doses
A. AP/PA With Oblique or Lateral Fields
B. AP/PA Only
C. AP/PA With Oblique Fields
D. AP/PA With Lateral Fields
A. AP/PA With Oblique or Lateral Fields
92
For chest irradiation, the patient is positioned _____ on the couch using an ______ technique
1. Supine
2. Isocentric Technique
93
The AP/PA fields of the chest are irradiated to a total midplane dose of _____ to ______
4,000 - 4,500 cGy
94
These are planned to encompass the tumor and mediastinum while avoiding the spinal cord.
Boost Fields (Oblique or Lateral Fields)
95
TRUE OR FALSE
Breast treatment method can be selected by clinical indications or patient preference.
TRUE
95
It pertains to the surgical removal of the breast and muscle with or without radiation
Mastectomy
96
It is the surgical removal of a discrete portion or lump of breast tissue
Lumpectomy
97
How much is the common total radiation dose typically administered to the breast ?
A. 4,000 cGy
B. 4,500 cGy
C. 5,000 cGy
D. 5,500 cGy
C. 5,000 cGy
98
What kind of isocentric technique is used for Pelvic Irradiation ?
A. AP/PA
B. Left and Right Lateral Fields
C. Three-field Technique
D. Box / Four Field Isocentric Technique
D. Box / Four Field Isocentric Technique
99
What are the three (3) common pelvic primaries irradiated.
1. Prostatic Cancer
2. Cervical Cancer
3. Uterine Cancer
(Philippine-Christian-University)
100
This is called as the most common primary bone tumor.
Osteosarcoma
101
Which of the following is the treatment of choice for most primary bone tumors ?
A. Amputation
B. Radiotherapy
C. Tumor Ablation
D. Laser Treatment
A. Amputation
102
The following are the main reasons for radiation treatment of bone metastases EXCEPT:
A. Relief of Bone Pain
B. Prevention of Fracture
C. Curative Intent
D. Palliative Intent
D. Palliative Intent
103
Pain relief for palliative treatment of bone metastases can be accomplished by delivering _______
A. 1,000 - 2,000 cGy in AP/PA Fields
B. 2,000 - 3,000 cGy in AP/PA Fields
C. 1,000 - 2,000 cGy in Left and Right Lateral Fields
D. 2,000 - 3,000 cGy in Left and Right Lateral Fields
B. 2,000 - 3,000 cGy in AP/PA Fields
104
This pertains to the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, organisms or other substances to the harmful effect or
injurious action of ionizing radiation.
Radiosensitivity
105
Radiosensitivity is an _______ response of cancer cells to radiation
A. Internal
B. Innate
C. Inherent
D. Incorporated
C. Inherent
106
This is HOW QUICKLY a tumor regresses after radiation
A. Rapidness
B. Responsive
C. Responsiveness
D. Remission
C. Responsiveness
107
Enumerate the six (6) NEW R's in Radiobiology
1. Repair
2. Reoxygenation
3. Repopulation
4. Redistribution
NEW:
5. Radiosensitivity
6. Reactivation (of immune response)
108
TRUE OR FALSE
Cells (Tumor Cells) with high metabolic rates are radioresistant.
FALSE
Cells that are highly metabolic are RADIOSENSITIVE due to high metabolism is equal to RAPID PROLIFERATION OF CELLS.
(In which pag sinabing rapidly dividing or proliferating, mas radiosensitive)
109
TRUE OR FALSE
Blood vessels, or mainly blood cells, tend to be more radiosensitive
TRUE
(Remember that blood vessels, containing blood cells, are under OXYGENATED CONDITIONS, that if so, the presence of oxygen increases radiation effectiveness or cell killing.)
110
Which body system is considered as the most radiosensitive ?
A. Transmission System
B. GI System
C. Reproductive System
D. Hematopoietic System
D. Hematopoietic System
111
Which body system is considered the most radioresistant ?
A. Transmission System
B. GI System
C. Reproductive System
D. Hematopoietic System
A. Transmission System
112
What are four (4) of the Highly Sensitive Tumors or Tissue Type ?
1. Lymphoma
2. Leukemia
3. Seminoma
4. Dysgerminoma
(La-La-Singin-Daw)
113
Give the six (6) Moderately Sensitive Tumor or Tissue Types:
1. Squamous Cell Cancer
2. Oropharyngeal Cancer
3. Laryngeal Cancer
4. Skin Cancer
5. Cervical Cancer
6. Adenocarcinoma of Alimentary Tract
114
What are the three (3) Moderately Sensitive Tumor or Tissue Types:
1. Vascular and Connective Tissue Cancer
2. Secondary Vascularization Cancer
3. Astrocytomas
115
What are the five (5) Moderately Resistant Tumor or Tissue Types:
1. Salivary Glands Tumor
2. Renal Cancer
3. Pancreatic Cancer
4. Chondrosarcoma
5. Osteogenic Sarcoma
116
Give the three (3) Highly Radioresistant Tumor or Tissue Types:
1. Rhabdomyosarcoma
2. Leiomyosarcoma
3. Ganglioneurofibroma
117
This type of cancer treatment is administered to shrink the tumor so it can be SURGICALLY REMOVED MORE EASILY or make the operation LESS RADICAL
A. Pre-Surgery Radiation Treatment
B. Post-Surgery Radiation Treatment
C. Neoadjuvant Treatment
D. Adjuvant Treatment
A. Pre-Surgery Radiation Treatment
118
This treatment can be administered to destroy microscopic residual cancer cells left after surgery
A. Pre-Surgery Radiation Treatment
B. Post-Surgery Radiation Treatment
C. Neoadjuvant Treatment
D. Adjuvant Treatment
B. Post-Surgery Radiation Treatment
119
TRUE OR FALSE
Better cancer treatment outcomes result after the combination of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy after surgery
TRUE
120
TRUE OR FALSE
Both pre and post radiation treatment can be performed respectively before and after surgery
TRUE
(For better cancer treatment outcomes)
121
This pertains to the eradication of the tumor at the primary
or regional site and reflects as direct effects of the irradiation which may not be parallel to the patient’s ultimate outcome.
A. Radiocurability
B. Radiosensitivity
C. Radioresistance
D. Regression
A. Radiocurability
122
It pertains to PREDICTING the likely or expected development of a disease based on the normal course of the diagnosed disease
Prognosis
123
It is a decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of cancer in the body
A. Regression
B. Relapse
C. Remission
D. Recurrence
A. Regression
124
it means a reduced, decreased, or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer
A. Regression
B. Relapse
C. Remission
D. Recurrence
C. Remission
124
It is the full return of depressive symptoms once remission has occurred.
A. Regression
B. Relapse
C. Remission
D. Recurrence
B. Relapse
(10 PM mamaya sched mo na, eme)
125
It is another depressive episode after recovery wherein the return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission is observed
A. Regression
B. Relapse
C. Remission
D. Recurrence
D. Recurrence
126
Remission may either be ______ or ______
Partial or Complete
127
NED stands for ______, which directly means that you are cured but cancer may still be in the body.
No Evidence of Disease
128
Which type of remission is classified as the eradication of some, but not all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared ?
Partial Remission
128
This means that the are NO TRACES OF CANCER after treatment and the cancer will NEVER COME BACK
Cure
128
Which type of remission puts all signs and symptoms of cancer to have disappeared ?
Complete Remission
129
It is the highest dose of a drug or treatment that does not cause unacceptable side effects.
Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)
130
It is the amount of radiation that may be received by an individual within a specified period with negligible results
Tolerance Dose
131
It is a type of therapy wherein treatment is given as a first step to shrink a tumor before surgery
Neoadjuvant Therapy
132
It is additional cancer treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back
Adjuvant Therapy
133
The aims of adjuvant treatment are ______ and ______
1. Improve Disease-Specific Symptoms
2. Improve Overall Survival
134
TRUE OR FALSE
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy can both be neoadjuvant and adjuvant.
TRUE
(All around sila. Targeted and Biological Therapy ang Adjuvant lang.)
