RAD THERA - PRELIM L1 & L2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
A wild, disorganized, unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body
A
Cancer
2
Q
Other terms for cancer (2)
A
- Virulent
- Malignant Cell Growth
3
Q
Which type of cancer has the highest rate of incidence in males in 2014 ?
A
Prostate Cancer
3
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cancer can manifest itself as a localized tumor only
A
FALSE
Cancer can manifest itself as a LOCALIZED TUMOR or as DISSEMINATED DISEASE THROUGHOUT THE BODY
4
Q
Which type of cancer has the highest rate of incidence in females in 2014 ?
A
Breast Cancer
5
Q
Roentgen received the Nobel Prize in Physics in ________, making him the first person to win such award
A
1901
5
Q
Roentgen worked with cathode rays with a bottle of ________
A
Barium Platinocyanide
5
Q
Which type of cancer has the highest rate of deaths in females in 2014 ?
A
Lung Cancer
5
Q
Which type of cancer has the highest rate of deaths in males in 2014 ?
A
Lung Cancer
6
Q
Complete the following:
______ and ____ are ised for the control of localized tumors while ______ is reserved for disseminated, widespread disease.
A
- Radiation Therapy and Surgery (Localized)
- Chemotherapy (Widespread)
6
Q
X-rays could penetrate various substances but were stopped by _____
A
Lead (Pb)
7
Q
He is a German physicist who discovered x-rays
A
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
8
Q
Becquerel discovered Radium alongside _______ and _______
A
- Marie Curie
- Pierre Curie
8
Q
He discovered Uranium and was coined as the father of radioactivity
A
Henri Antoine Becquerel
9
Q
Where and when did Becquerel discover radioactivity ?
A
- Paris
- February 26, 1896
10
Q
The insertion of radium directly into the body at tumor sites which causes a more lethal effect on malignant cells is the advent of which imaging treatment/ modality ?
A
Brachytherapy
11
Q
Who is the first cancer (breast cancer) patient who was irradiated daily for several weeks
A
Rose Lee
11
Q
A Swedish pioneer of radiology credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in 1899
A
Thor Stenbeck
12
Q
A medical student in Chicago, USA who manufactured hot cathode tubes to irradiate the first cancer patient
A
Emil Grubbe
13
Q
The 1940s moved the field from Supervoltage (kV) to __________ units of several million volts
A
Megavoltage (MV)
13
Q
Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube
A
William Coolidge
13
Q
The ______ brought radiotherapy into its own science
A
1930s
14
Q
Isolated low intensity electrons for irradiation of superficial tissues demonstrating little damage to deeper structure
A
Van de Graaff
15
Q
In 1953 the first linear accelerator was used for patient treatment functioning in the energy range of _____
A
8 MV
16
Who is responsible for the treatment of Nevus with X-ray
Leopold Freund
17
He invented Fluoroscopy
Thomas Alva Edison
18
Who discovered Alpha and Beta Rays from Uranium ?
Ernest Rutherford
18
He discovered Gamma Rays from Uranium
Paul Villard
19
He discovered and announced the finding of electron on April 30, 1897
Joseph John Thomson
20
He is credited with the cure of cervical cancer with radium sources
Robert Abbe
20
Who are credited for the use of Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer ?
1. Claudius Regaud
2. Antoine Lacassagne
20
Who are the proponents of the Geiger-Muller counter ?
1. Hans Geiger
2. Walther Muller
20
He is credited with the treatment of Cutaenous Lupus with Radium
Henri Danlos
21
Who formulated the 1st Law of Cell Radiosensitivity ?
Jean Bergonie and Louis Tribondeau
22
Who are the proponents of the STOCKHOLM System of Brachytherapy Dosimetry ?
1. Rolf Sievert
2. J. Heyman
23
Who is the proponent of Dose Fractionation ?
Claudius Regaud
24
Originator of particle accelerator concepts including RF Linear Accelerator and Betatron Accelerator
Rolf Wideroe
24
He cured Laryngeal Cancer with Fractionated Radiotherapy
Henri Coutard
25
He invented the Cyclotron
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
26
Proponents of the QUIMBY System of Dosimetry
1. Edith Quimby
2. G. Failla
27
Who discovered Neutrons ?
James Chadwick
28
A particle accelerator capable of producing 13 million volts or 13 Mega volts
Van de Graaff Generator
28
They discovered oxygen effect in radiotherapy
1. H. Crabtree
2. W. Cramer
29
MANCHESTER System of Dosimetry for Interstitial Brachytherapy
1. R. Patterson
2. H. Parker
29
Discovered and produced Artificial Radioactivity by bombarding
aluminum ( AI ) with alpha particles.
1. Frederick Joliot
2. Irene Curie Joliot
30
Who are credited for the discovery of Technetium-99m ?
1. Emilio Segre
2. Carlo Perrier
30
He developed the Betatron to accelerate electrons
Max Steenbeck
31
First to use NEUTRON beam from Cyclotron for Cancer treatment.
1. R. Stone
2. Ernest O. Lawrence
32
The __________ accepted _______ as an international dosage unit for x-rays and gamma radiation ?
1. 5th International Congress of Radiology
2. ROENTGEN (R)
33
Constructed BETATRON, electron accelerator ( 20 MeV - 300 MeV )
Donald Kerst
34
Used Radioiodine ( Iodine 131) for Thyroid cancer
Saul Hertz
34
Proposed an application of ions of Radiotherapy
Robert Wilson
35
Developed MICROTRON, an electron accelerator
Vladimir Veksler
36
FLETCHER System of Gynecologic Brachytherapy
Gilbert Fletcher
37
Built the 1st Cobalt 60 Telegraphy unit
BONUS QUESTION: Where was the above-mentioned installed ?
1. Harold E. Johns
BONUS Q: Saskatoon, Ontario, Canada
38
Invented Gamma Knife Radiosurgery
Lars Lekssel
38
Who installed the 1st Electron Linear Accelerator designed for radiotherapy
Metropolitan-Vickers (Fry, Ginzton, Chodorow)
39
1st treatment with Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
W.H. Sweet
40
Where was the 1st Electron Linear Accelerator designed for radiotherapy installed ?
Hammersmith Hospital in London, England
41
The _______ adopted the ______ as a unit of absorbed dose of any Ionizing Radiation
1. 7th International Congress of Radiology
2. RAD
41
Linear Quadrantic parameters from fractionation experiment
1. J. Fowler
2. B. Douglas
41
Who invented the Medical Linear Accelerator ?
1. Henry S. Kaplan
2. Edward Ginzton
42
1st Patient treated with PROTON therapy
1. E. Lawrence
2. R. Wilson
42
Used of Cesium 137 for Teletherapy unit
1. F. Comas
2. M. Brucer
42
Oscillating source system for brachytherapy
U. Henschke
42
Who developed and applied computational methods to implant dosimetry ?
1. R. Nelson
2. M. Merck
43
Used Cobalt 60 source for high dose rate brachytherapy
Mark Wakabayashi
43
Developed Multi-leaf collimator ( MLC )
Shinji Takahashi
44
Invented X-ray Computed Tomography and 1st CT Scanner
Godfrey Hounsfield
44
PARIS System of brachytherapy dosimetry
B. Pierquin
45
Invented Positron Emission Tomography ( PET ) Scan
Edward J. Hoffman
45
Standardization of the clinical use if electron beam
N. Duv Tapley
46
Used fast Neutron Therapy.
1. M. Catterall
2. D. Bewley
47
Completed hospital-bases PROTON facility
Lorma Linda University
47
1st Commercial Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) device
P. Bottomley
48
Formulated inverse planning
1. A. Brahme
2. A. Cormack
49
Invented Helical Tomotherapy
T.R Mackie
50
Proponent of Robotic Radiotherapy
J.R Adler
50
Radiotherapy Facility using CARBON ION beam.
N.I.R.S - Chiba, Japan
51
Multi-leaf Collimator adapted for IMRT
L. Brewster
51
Image Guided Radiotherapy ( IMRT ) was developed by ______
NOMOS PEACOCK
52
This radiation is thousand of times more powerful than the radiation used in taking a diagnostic x-ray
Ionizing Radiation
52
A clinical specialty dealing with the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia
Radiation Therapy
53
Marketing of Cobalt 60 microsouce system for HDR Brachytherapy
Eckert and Ziegler Bebig
54
GEC-ESTRO recommendations for image based for cervical brachytherapy
1. C. Hale-Meder
2. R. Potter
54
Proponent of Targeted Therapy and radiotherapy
J.A Bonner et.al
55
Proponent of MRI-LINAC
J. Dempsey
56
Objective / Aim of Radiotherapy is to _______
Deliver a Precisely Measured Dose of Radiation
57
Standard practice is to deliver small doses of radiation over a period of _____ to ____ weeks, called as _______
1. 4 to 8 Weeks
2. Fractionation
58
Provision of radiation with the intent to cure
Curative Treatment
59
Provision of radiation with the intention to reduce or relive pain in cases where prognosis is terminal
Palliative Treatment
60
A clinical
and scientific endeavor devoted to the management
of patients with cancer and other neoplasm by ionizing radiation alone or combined with other modalities and to the investigation of application of
radiation therapy and the training of personnel in
the field.
Radiation Oncology
61
Involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding normal tissues.
Surgery
62
Uses photons, electrons and other sources of radiation, to deliver
radiation treatment and destroy cancer cells
Radiation Therapy
63
Is the use of drugs, taken by mouth or injected into
a patient's vein. These drugs travel throughout the body working to
destroy cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
64
Low voltage x-rays, are used to treat benign skin or superficial soft tissue disorders.
Electron Therapy
64
It is primarily
used to fully eradicate the patient's diseased bone marrow prior to transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplantation
65
Administration of Radiotherapy may be through (2):
1. External Beam Radiation Therapy
2. Brachytherapy
65
Can be performed on benign venous
malformation (AVM) in the brain that are
surgically unresectable
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
66
A radiation beam comes from an outside source
directed towards the tumor sites. Machines used are either Cobalt 60
(Co60) or a Linear
Accelerator (LINAC).
External Beam Radiation Therapy
67
Involves the application of radioactive source directly to the tumor site
Brachytherapy
68
Radioactive sources for brachytherapy include (4):
1. Cobalt-60
2. Iridium-192
3. Cesium-137
4. Gold-198
69
Brachytherapy may be applied via (4):
1. Intracavitary
2. Interstitial
3. Intraluminal
4. Contact or Surface Application
70
The Effects of Radiotherapy include (4):
1. Decrease in the Size of the Mass
2. Decrease the Intensity of Pain
3. Render Sterility to Tumor Bed
4. Controls Bleeding
71
An initial multi-disciplinary evaluation is performed
which includes assessing the pathologic and clinical stage of disease, diagnostic tests, history and physical examination of the patient.
Clinical Evaluation and Consultation
72
Based on evaluation and consultation, treatment modality and treatment goals are selected
Therapeutic Decision
73
Immobilization devices are designed, field center and borders are aligned by fluoroscopy/ lap lasers, treatment fields are documented by diagnostic quality radiographs/ CT images
Simulation
74
Tumor extent and potential areas of spread are defined, sensitive organs and tissues are identified
CT Planning / Target Volume Localization
75
Treatment technique is planned with the aid of dosimetry calculations and treatment planning devices. The use of CT images is a part of this process
Treatment Planning
76
Actual delivery of radiation treatment either by external beam or brachytherapy
Treatment
77
Patients are evaluated during and after treatment to assess the response and tolerance to treatment
Evaluation and Follow-up
78
Workflow in Radiotherapy (7):
1. Clinical Evaluation and Consultation
2. Therapeutic Decision
3. Simulation
4. CT Planning / Target Volume Localization
5. Treatment Planning
6. Treatment
7. Evaluation and Follow-up
79
The doctor who oversees the radiation therapy
treatments.
Radiation Oncologist
80
Ensures that complex treatment plans are properly
tailored for each patient
Medical Radiation Physicist
81
Works with the radiation oncologist and medical physicist to calculate the proper dose of radiation given to the tumor
Dosimetrist
82
Administers the daily radiation under the doctor's
prescription and supervision.
Radiation Therapist
83
Cares for the patient and family by providing education,
emotional support and tips for managing side effects.
Radiation Oncology Nurse
84
Responsible for the accurate delivery of radiation dosage according to the prescription of radiation oncologist and based on the technique developed by the
medical physicist.
Radiation Therapy Technologist
84
Scientific and technical experts who are responsible for
the acceptance, commissioning, calibration, maintenance and on-going QA of all radiotherapy
equipment
Medical Physicist
84
Checks the attendance and proper referrals of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy
Oncology Nurse
85
Instructs patient's therapeutic diet and necessary
nutritional s in holistic approach
Nutritionist - Dietitian (ND)
85
Cleans instruments, treatment and examination rooms
Nurse Attendant
86
Answers patient's queries regarding charges such as
hospital and professional fees.
Cashier
