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Radiation 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define radiobiology

A

the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things

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2
Q

What are three reasons we need to take images?

A
  • illness
  • injury
  • Screening
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3
Q

define efficacy

A

the ability to produce a desired or intended result

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4
Q

What is the responsibility of the referring physician?

A

makes the determination that an x-ray exam is necessary (weighs risk vs benefit)

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5
Q

What is the responsibility of the radiographer?

A

Takes optimal images using minimum amount of radiation exposure in order to reveal the presence or absence of a disease or injury

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6
Q

What is the responsibility of the radiologist?

A

in addition to viewing images and making a diagnosis from them, a radiologist may also be involved in directly using medical radiation equipment, such as fluoroscopic units (makes decisions to alter what imaging examination is appropriate if necessary

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7
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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8
Q

What does ORP stand for?

A

Optimization for Radiation Protection

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9
Q

What are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection?

A
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding
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10
Q

What are the two main risks of irradiation?

A
  • radiogenic cancer

- genetic defect

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11
Q

What does BERT stand for?

A

Background
Equivalent
Radiation
Time

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12
Q

What does BERT explain?

A

It gives a mean for comparison. Emphasizes that radiation is a part of our environment. Easy for patient to understand

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13
Q

What is the alliance for radiation safety in pediatric imaging?

A

to increase awareness of the need to reduce radiation dose for pediatric patients

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14
Q

Define radiation

A

is ENERGY in the form of high-speed particles or waves. (energy in motion)

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15
Q

What are the two types of radiation?

A
  • non-ionizing

- Ionizing

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16
Q

what is the speed of light?

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

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17
Q

what is the smallest quantity of this electromagnetic energy?

A

photon

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18
Q

Do photons has a mass and an electrical charge?

A

no

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19
Q

what are photon energy measured in?

A

electron volts (eV)

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20
Q

define electromagnetic spectrum?

A

a continuum of various levels/types of radiation.

As one moves from left to right on the spectrum, the amount of energy increases

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21
Q

define ionization

A

addition or removal of an electron from atom

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22
Q

what are examples of non-ionizing radaition?

A

visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves

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23
Q

What is ionizing radiation produced by?

A

unstable atoms

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24
Q

What are the two types of ionizing radiation?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • particulate

- Electromagnetic

25
What are the three particulate ionizing radiation?
- alpha particles - Beta particles - Neutrons
26
What are the electromagnetic ionizing radiation?
- Gamma rays | - X-rays
27
define nuclear fission?
when a neutron collides with the nucleus of an uranium atom, the atom splits which releases more neutrons.
28
what are the two types of electromagnetic radiation?
- gamma rays | - x-rays
29
How are x-rays produced?
when fast moving electrons collide with atoms of metallic elements -x-radiation also has a very short and it has high penetrating power
30
define LET
is the energy transferred per unit length of track
31
what are the two radiation categories for LET?
Low-linear | High-linear
32
what are 2 examples of low-LET?
-x-rays, gamma rays
33
What are 2 examples of High-LET?
-alpha particle, neutrons
34
What are the two radiations that humans are exposed to?
- Natural | - Manmade
35
What are the three natural radiations?
- terrestrial - Cosmic - Internal
36
What is terrestrial radiation?
from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth
37
What is cosmic radiation?
from the sun and beyond the solar system
38
What is internal radiation?
from radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the bodys tissue
39
What are some examples of man-made radiation?
- air travel - Medical radiation - nuclear energy - consumer products
40
What are the two interactions with matter?
- photoelectric absorption | - Compton scattering
41
define radiobiology?
is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things
42
the damage that occurs varies based on a number of different factors including:
1. type of cells 2. energy and type of radiation 3. Metabolic rate 4. amount of radiation 5. Age and sex of patient 6. area/amount of tissue exposed
43
what are the 8 sequence of events leading up to human body damage from radiation?
- absorption of x-rays by atom - Ionization/excitation of atom - Chemical bond break - Molecular damage - Cell damage - Tissue damage - Organ/system damage - Human body damage
44
What are the two effects of radiation?
somatic or genetic
45
define somatic effects?
when an individual has been exposed to ionizing radiation and sustains biological damage
46
define genetic effects
when an individual genetic material has been irradiated and there is genetic malformation in their offspring
47
what are the two different radiation interactions?
- Indirect | - direct
48
define radiolysis
when the absorption of radiation occurs in a water molecule, free radicals are produced, which cause biological damage (the dissociation or separation of water molecules due to ionization cause by radiation
49
which is most of our body? direct or indirect?
indirect. 2/3 of effects on tissues
50
what are 5 direct interactions that may cause damage?
- single strand - double strand - double strand in same rung - mutation - covalent cross links
51
what does OH* + OH* form?
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
52
what does H* + O2* form?
a hydroperoxyl radical
53
what are the 4 organic molecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
54
what is the master molecule?
DNA
55
what damage does LOW-let do to DNA?
single-strand break.
56
what damage does high-LET do to DNA?
double-stand break, same rung
57
what are the 4 consequences to the cell from structural changes within the nucleus?
- restitution - Deletion - Broken-end rearrangement with visible damage - Broken-end rearrangement without visible damage
58
What is the target theory?
states that when cell DNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure to radiation, the cell will die
59
the number of cells that survive a radiation exposure are _____ proportional to the dose to which it was exposed
directly

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