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Proc > PATH 181 LO5 > Flashcards

PATH 181 LO5 Flashcards

1
Q

define hematopoiesis

A

refers to the formation of blood and encompasses cellular proliferation, differentiation and functional maturation.

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2
Q

Where are RBC manufactured in adults?

A

The red marrow of the:

  • skull
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Pelvic bones
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3
Q

What regulates blood cell proliferation?

A

group of glycoproteins called cytokines

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4
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

it is capable of reverting to active red marrow in cases of increased demand

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5
Q

What is the myeloid : erythroid ratio?

A

nucleated white cells out number nucleated red cells

3:1

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6
Q

What are 4 blood cell function disorders?

A
  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Bleeding disorders
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7
Q

What does hemoglobin’s synthesis require?*

A
  • Iron
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin B6
  • Folic acid
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8
Q

define hemoglobinopathy

A

disease that results from abnormal globin chains, and a normal heme portion.

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9
Q

What is the diurnal variation in Hb and hematocrit?

A

Peak-9am

Low-8pm

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10
Q

Where do we get Vitamin B12 from?

A

eating meat, eggs and dairy

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11
Q

What are ways our bodies become deficient with vit B12?

A

malabsorption, deficiency in intrinsic factor

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12
Q

What is the carrier protein for vit B12?

A

transcobalamin

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13
Q

Where is Vit B12 stored?

A

Liver, tissues and bone marrow

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14
Q

How do we get folic acid in our body?

A
  • green, leafy foods

- Intestinal microflora

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15
Q

Where is folic acid stored?

A

liver, kidney and bone marrow

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16
Q

Where is folic acid absorbed?

A

jejunum

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17
Q

What will happen if there is a defiencieny in Vit B12 and Folic acid?

A

megaloblastic red cells

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18
Q

What is the most abundant trace element in the body and essential to life?

A

Iron

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19
Q

How is iron replaced in our body?

A

dietary absorption from meat, beans, leafy greens and fruit

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20
Q

What regulates absorption of iron?

A

the intestines

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21
Q

What transports iron?

A

Transferrin

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22
Q

Where is ferritin stored?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

How do we measure iron status in the lab?

A
  • iron
  • Transferrin
  • Ferritin
  • TIBC
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24
Q

what is the diurnal variation for iron?

A

peak- in the morning

25
Q

What is needed for DNA synthesis?

A

Vit B12, Folic acid

26
Q

What is needed for hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Iron and Vit B6

27
Q

What type of anemia will a deficiency in Vit B6 lead to?*

A

microcytic, hypochromic

28
Q

Where is erythripoietin produced?

A

kidneys

29
Q

What does decreased renal O2 tension do?

A

stimulates the release of EPO by the kidney which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis

30
Q

What does Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase serve to do?

A

protect the red cell from oxidation

31
Q

What are the two ways of classifying anemia?

A
  • etiologically

- morphologically

32
Q

What are the three main categories of anemia?

A
  • insiufficient erthyropoesis
  • Ineffective erythropoiesis
  • increased loss or destruction of RBC
33
Q

What is normocytic/normochromic anemia caused by?

A

Massive blood loss

“dilutional anemia”

34
Q

What is microcytic/hypochromic anemia caused by mainly?

A

Iron Deficiency

35
Q

What are other microcytic/hypochromic anemias?

A

thalassemia, lead toxicity and anemia, chromic inflammation

36
Q

What is macrocytic/normochromic anemia caused by?

A

megaloblastic anemia

37
Q

What is megaloblastic anemias caused by?

A

impaired DNA synthesis

38
Q

What are common causes of pseudoanemia?

A
  • over hydration of patient
  • Fluid retention
  • Specimen contaminated with IV fluid
  • Pregnancy
39
Q

What are some examples of inherited anemia?

A
  • Thalassemia
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
40
Q

What are some examples of acquired anemia?

A
  • iron def
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
41
Q

What amenia is alplastic anemia?

A

normochromic/normocytic

42
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

red blood cell destruction greater than the rate at which the bone marrow can replace

43
Q

What anemia is sickle cell anemia?

A

normocytic/normochromic

44
Q

What anemia is thalassemia?

A

microcytic/hypochromic

45
Q

What kind of anemia is immune hemolytic anemia?

A

normocytic/normochromic

46
Q

What kind of anemia is hemolytic anemia if the newborn?

A

normochromic/normocytic

47
Q

What are the three main types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
48
Q

Which granulocyte is the first line of defense?

A

Neutrophil

49
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

low total WBC count

50
Q

Do newborns have high leukocyte counts?*

A

YES

51
Q

What are the physiological and pathological causes of neutophilia/granulocytosis?

A

Physiological: excercise, hypoxia, stress
Pathological:infection, tissue damage

52
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

viral infection due to low granulocytes

53
Q

What is the one thing tested for in infectious mono?*

A

Epstein-Barr virus

54
Q

What chromosome is found in CML?

A

philadelphia

55
Q

What is an important cell found under the microscope in CLL?

A

smudge cells

56
Q

What is the most common leukemia in adults?

A

AML

57
Q

What is something important thats looked for in multpile myeloma?**

A 
Monoclonal spike
Bence jones (free light chains)
58
Q

What is hemophilia A?

A

deficiency of factor VIII (8)

59
Q

What is hemophillia B?

A

deficiency of factor IX (9)

Proc (40 decks)

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