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Proc > PATH 179 LO3 part 2 > Flashcards

PATH 179 LO3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes atelectasis?

A
  • results from bronchial obstruction, neoplasm, FB

- Compression of the lung by pneumothorax, pleural fluid, tumor, lung abscess or large bulla

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?

A
  • Cough
  • Chest pain
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Fever
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3
Q

What are the radiographic exams for atelectasis?

A

-x-ray

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4
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for atelectasis?

A
  • local increase in density because of airless lung
  • Vary from plate like streaks to complete collapse
  • Displacement of interlobar fissures
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5
Q

What is the treatment for atelectasis?

A
  • deep breathing
  • Position changes
  • Early ambulation
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6
Q

What is the cause of Adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • most commonly in patients with nonthoracic trauma
  • Patients may also develop hypotension and shock (Lung shock)
  • Severe pulmonary infection, aspiration, inhalation of toxins or irritants, drug overdose
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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ARDS?

A
  • Low blood pressure
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Organ failure
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8
Q

What are the radiographic exams for ARDS?

A

-x-ray

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9
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for ARDS?

A
  • patchy ill-defined areas of alveolar consolidation produces coarse reticular pattern
  • Size of heart remains normal
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10
Q

What is the treatment for ARDS?

A
  • drug treatment with diuretics
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Positive pressure ventilation
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11
Q

What are secondary signs of intrabronchial FB?

A

partial or complete bronchial obstruction (usually lower lobes, Rt more often than Lt)

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of intrabroncial FB?

A
  • coughing
  • Chocking
  • Stridor
  • Cyanosis
  • Wheezing
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13
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for intrabronchial FB?

A
  • partial obstruction
  • Hyperaeration of the affected lobes and shift of heart and mediastinum toward the normal, contralateral side
  • Best seen under fluoroscopy and expiration films
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14
Q

What is the treatment for intrabronchial FB?

A

removal of the object otherwise infection will occur

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15
Q

What is the other name mediastinal emphysema *

A

Pneumomediastinum

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16
Q

What is the cause of mediastinal emphysema?

A

after chest trauma, perforation of the esphagus or tracheobronchial tree, spread of air fascial planes in neck, peritoneal cavity or retoperitoneal space

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mediastinal emphysema?

A

Chest pain

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18
Q

What are the radiographic exams for mediastinal emphysema?

A

-x-ray

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19
Q

What is the radiographic appearance mediastinal emphysema?

A
  • air causes lateral displacement of the mediastinal pleura
  • Long, linear opacity runs parallel to the heart border
  • Air is seen behind the sternum in streaks downward and anterior to the heart
  • Infants-elevation of the thymus, air on one side “windblown sail or angel wings’
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20
Q

What is the treatment for mediastinal emphysema?

A
  • No treatment needed as body will absorb the extra air

- Mat need surgery if trachea or esophagus is perforated

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21
Q

What causes subcutaneous emphysema?

A
  • penetrating or blunt injurious that disrupt the lung and parietal pleura and forces air into the tissues of the chest wall
  • when touching the skin you may hear crackles
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22
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of subcutaneous emphysema?

A

-pain the chest, arm, neck, wherever the air has migrated to

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23
Q

what is the radiographic exams for subcutaneous emphysema?

A

-x-ray

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24
Q

what is the radiographic appearance for subcutaneous emphysema?

A

appears as bizarre streaks with lucency around muscle bundles

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25
Q

What is the treatment for subcutaneous emphysema?

A

no treatment needed as body will absorb the extra air

-May need surgery if trachea or esophagus is perorated

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26
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

narrowing of coronary artery mostly attributable to plaque in the inner wall

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27
Q

What causes coronary artery disease? *

A

lifestyle factors that predispose to this condition: hypertension, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, high cholesterol

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28
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease?

A
  • SOB
  • Pain
  • Tingling down left arm
  • Chest pain
  • Dizziness
  • Anxiety
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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29
Q

What are the radiographic exams for coronary artery disease?

A
  • x-ray

- Angiography

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30
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for coronary artery disease?

A

-chest radiographs are non-conclusive for CAD, may see calcifications in coronary artery

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31
Q

What is the treatment for coronary artery disease?

A

treatment focuses on lowering your risk of heart attack and lifestyle changes

32
Q

What is CHF?

A

inabiliy of heart to propel blood sufficiently throuh the system to supply tissues

33
Q

What causes CHF?

A

cardiac abnormaility, hypertension, or peripheral resistance to blood flow

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of CHF?

A
  • fluid retention
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
35
Q

What are the radiograph exams for CHF

A

CXR

36
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for CHF?

A

-Many patients with CHF have cardiomegaly

37
Q

What is the treatment of CHF?

A
  • meds

- Surgery to treat underlying heart condition

38
Q

What is the cause of pneumothorax?

A

-rupture of bulla (emphysema or spontaneous)
-Trauma (stabbing, gunshot, fractured rib)
-Iatrogenic cause such as needle biopsy or complication of hyaline membrane disease
spontaneous causes: idiopathic - tall thin males with no demonstrable cause

39
Q

What is the the signs and symptoms of Pneumothorax?

A
  • Sudden severe chest pain, dyspnea

- tension pneumothorax: weak rapid pulse, pallor, neck vein distension, anxiety

40
Q

What are the radiographic exams for pneumthorax?

A
  • AP/LAT CXR, inspiration and expiration, upright
  • Decubitis veiws
  • AEC not recommended because it may conceal a small pneumothorax
41
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for pneumothorax?

A

hyperlucent area with no pulmonary markings

42
Q

What is the treatment for pneumothorax?

A
  • small pneumothoraces: may resolve by self
  • Larger ones: chest tube drainage with suction
  • Tension: medical emergency
43
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

accumulation of fluid in pleural space

44
Q

What are the causes of pleural effusion?

A

CHF, pulmonary embolism, infection, pleuristy, neoplasm, connective tissue disorders

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for pleural effusion?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Fever
  • Cough
46
Q

What are the radiographic exams for pleural effusion?

A

AP/LAT/decub chest

47
Q

What is the radiographic apearance for pleural effusion?

A
  • blunting of sharp costophrenic angle
  • May appear as overall lung density if supine
  • Massive effusions may compress adjacent lung
48
Q

What is the treatment for pleural effusion?

A

Thoracentesis - remove fluid from pleural cavity

49
Q

what causes Empyema - Hydrothorax - Hemothorax

A

empyema usually result of adjacent infection, or from surgery, trauma

50
Q

What is the radiograpgic appearance of empyema - hydrothorax - hemothorax?

A

appears as a discrete mass that may vary in size

51
Q

what causes pulmonary edema?

A
  • elevated venous pressure, CHF, pulmonary venous obstruction, lmymphatic blockage
  • uremia, narcotic overdose, toxic fumes, excess oxygen, high altitudes, fat embolism, ARDS, neyrologic abnormalities
52
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Puulmonary edema?

A
  • Dyspnea (difficult breathing)
  • Hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood)
  • Orthopnea (shortness of breath)
53
Q

What are the radiographic exams for pulmonary edema?

A

AP/LAT chest

54
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for pulmonary edema?

A
  • accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces in earliest stages
  • Fluid causes loss of normal sharp markings
  • Peri-hilar haze ‘butterfly’ appearance *
  • Pleural effusion is also associated with pulmonary edema, occurs mainly on the right side
55
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary edema?

A

lower stress, improve HPT, lower salt, diuretics, compresion stocking to improve tension of blood thru legs, varoius drugs

56
Q

What is diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

elevation of one or both sides of the disphragm

57
Q

What causes diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

paralysis resulting from damage to phrenic nerve
-accidential surfical transection, involvement of the nerve by primary bronchogenic carcinoa or metastatic malignancy in the mediastinum, or a variety of intrisic neurologic disease

58
Q

What is the radiograph appearance for diaphragmatic paralysis?

A
  • demonstrated best by sniff test

- during expiration the normal one rises and the paralyzed one descends

59
Q

What is congenital hernia?

A
  • developmental abnormality
  • Hemidiaphragm does not adhere to the central tendon
  • If it occurs in early development, the chest cavity is filled with intestines/stomach because the affected side fails to develop
60
Q

What causes traumatic hernia?

A

by penetrating injury or compression of the abdomen which forces the stomach or intestines into the chest cavity

61
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for traumatic hernia?

A
  • plueral effusion

- gas shadows of the stomach and intestines are seen above the presumed level of the diaphragm

62
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

total of partial movement of organs

ex) liver on the left and stomach on right

63
Q

what are the anterior mediastinum masses?

A
  • thymomas
  • Teratomas
  • Thyroid masses
  • Lipomas
  • Lymphoma
64
Q

What are the middle mediastinal masses?

A
  • lymph node disorders
  • bronchogenic cyst
  • vascular anomalies
  • Mass anterior costophrenic angle
65
Q

Posterior mediastinal masses?

A
  • neurogenic tumors
  • Neurogenic cysts
  • aneurysms of the descending aorta
  • Extrmedullary hematopoiesis
66
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mediastinal masses? *

A
  • 1/3rd of patients - asymptomatic

- Chest pain, cough, dyspnea

67
Q

What is the rad appearance for mediastinal masses?

A
  • cystic mass: compress, multi-loculated

- Solid masses: compress + displace adjacent structures

68
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

A
  • usually non-specific
  • Sudden chest pain
  • dyspnea
  • Tachycardia
  • unexplained anxiety
  • If from DVT - calf pain, tenderness and asymmetry
69
Q

what are the radiographic exams for pulmonary embolism?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

70
Q

What is the rad appearance for pulmonary embolism?

A
  • focal pulmonary oligemia and relative lucency of the involved portion of lung
  • Enlargemnent of the ipsilateral main pulmonary artery - distention of the vessel with thrombus
  • Area of lung consolidation
71
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary embolism?

A
  • Anticoagulant therapy for an extended period of time
  • Thrombolytics can assist in dissolving of clot
  • Filter in the vena cava, if anticoagulant and thrombolytics cannot be used or are unsuccesful
72
Q

What is septic embolism?

A

shower of bacteria that enters pulmonary circulation and remain trapped in lung
-Arise from heart - bacterial endocarditis

73
Q

What is pulmonary ateriovenous fistula?

A

abnormal vascular communication between a pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
-Shunting of blood from arteries to veins does not allow blood to be oxygenated

74
Q

What is th rad appearance for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula?

A

round or oval, lobulated soft tissue mass in lower lobes

75
Q

what is the treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula?

A

embolization

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