Relationships

Question 1

sexual selection

Answer 1

attributes or behaviors that increase reproductive success (Charles Darwin)

Question 2

intersexual selection and study

Answer 2

-one sex chooses mate from the opposite sex based on specific attractive traits for good genes
-Clark and Hatfield, would you sleep with me tonight study, 50% date 75% sex for men, 50% date 0% sex for women

Question 3

intrasexual selection and study

Answer 3

-members of the same sex compete for the same mate
-Daly and Wilson, men are violent when their relationship is threatened by another man, 92% men on men homicides involving love triangles

Question 4

anisogamy

Answer 4

differences between male and female sex cells

Question 5

cuckoldry

Answer 5

male unknowingly raising non-related offspring

Question 6

self disclosure

Answer 6

revealing personal information about yourself, revealing more information as time progresses

Question 7

social penetration theory

Answer 7

*Altman and Taylor
*gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone
*onion metaphor
*reciprocal

Question 8

Shackelford and Larsen

Answer 8

People with more symmetrical faces are more attractive

Question 9

the halo effect

Answer 9

*Dion et al
*”pretty privilege”
*beautiful people are consistently rated as kind, strong, sociable and successful

Question 10

the matching hypothesis

Answer 10

*Walster and Walster
* people tend to marry and date people, similarly attractive to themselves

Question 11

filter theory

Answer 11

*Kerckhoff and Davis
1. social demography (geographical location, social class, level of education, ethnic group, religion)
2. similarity in attitudes (beliefs and values - only for couple who have been together for less than 18 months)
3. complementarity (trait that the other doesn’t have/can’t provide for themselves)

Question 12

social exchange theory

Answer 12

*Thibault and Kelley
*rewards-costs=satisfaction
*consider profit and loss

Question 13

comparison level (CL) vs comparison level for alternative (CLalt)

Answer 13

*comparison level= judge how one partner compares to another (e.g ex partner, tv, social media etc)
comparison level for alternatives= can we gain greater profit from another relationship or being single (Duck- if the costs outweigh the rewards, the alternates become more attractive)

Question 14

stages of relationship development

Answer 14

1. sampling stage (explore cost and rewards
2. bargaining stage (start exchanging costs and rewards)
3. commitment stage ( sources of costs become more predictable and relationship is more stable)
4. institutionalisation stage (settled, norms are established)

Question 15

equity theory

Answer 15

*walster
*strive for fairness
*not about the size or amount of rewards and costs, it’s about the ratio of the two together

Question 16

consequence of inequity

Answer 16

*distressed and dissatisfied
*changes of perceived equity as relationship develops

Question 16

dealing with inequity

Answer 16

*the underbenefitted partner is more motivated to make the relationship equitable
*revise perceptions of costs and rewards, what was seen as a cost is now a reward

Question 17

Rusbult’s investment model

Answer 17

1. satisfaction (based on CL, comparing costs and rewards)
2. quality of alternatives (CLalt, another relationship possibility or being single)
3. investment (anything we loose if the relationship ends)

Question 18

intrinsic vs extrinsic investments

Answer 18

*in= money, possessions, energy, self disclosure
*ex= possessions bought together (car), children, shared memories

Question 19

Duck’s phase model

Answer 19

1. intra-psychic phase (dissatisfied partner worries, mulls over thoughts privately, plans for future)
2. dyadic phase (confrontations, either resurrection of breakup, where self disclosure may become deeper)
3. social phase (mutual friends form sides, forge pacts, place blame on a partner or try to help resolve)
4. grave dressing phase (story of breakup, aftermath, decide its time to move on)

Question 20

virtual relationships in social media

Answer 20

*paralanguage, the way we say words
*computer mediated communication (CMC)
*face to face (FtF)

Question 21

theories explaining self disclosure in virtual relationships

Answer 21

1. reduced cues theory (sproull and kiesler, CMC less effective than FtF, can’t see body language or facial expressions, reluctant self disclosure)
2. hyperpersonal model (Walther, CMC more effective than FtF, self disclosure happens earlier, relationship develops faster)
3. Cooper and sportari= boom and bust phenomenon, CMC relationships can end fast if level of trust doesn’t match level of excitement

Question 22

selective self preservation

Answer 22

painting yourself in a good light, manipulating your online image

Question 23

para social relationships

Answer 23

one-sided unreciprocated, fan and celebrity

Question 24

levels of parasocial relationships

Answer 24

McCutcheon et al developed celebrity attitude scale: 1. entertainment social (source of entertainment) 2. intense personal (greater personal involvement) 3. borderline pathological (uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviours)

Question 25

absorption addiction model

Answer 25

*McCutcheon *fill deficiencies people have in their own lives, escape from reality

Question 26

attachment theory explanation of parasocial relationships

Answer 26

insecure resistant, most likely to form parasocial relationships