RM- next pages

Question 1

what goes in an informed consent form?

Answer 1

-the topic investigated
-pps job in study
-anything that might change pps willingness to do study
-name and results confidential
-can withdraw
-space for pp to sign
-opportunity to ask Q’s

Question 2

what goes in a debriefing form?

Answer 2

-thank pp
-tell specific hypothesis you were researching
-inform expected results due to past research
-remind they can withdraw
-lower pp anxiety and offer them support if necessary
-opportunity to ask Q’s

Question 3

peer review process

Answer 3

-open (researcher and reviewer know who each other are)
-single blind (reviewer knows researcher, researcher doesn’t know reviewer)
-double blind (neither know)

Question 4

content analysis

Answer 4

-statistical process
-categorising and quantifying events and behaviour as they occur
-qualitative to quantitative data

Question 5

coding unit

Answer 5

-specific action/behaviour/word/phrases that you are going to count in order to be analysed

Question 6

evaluation of content analysis

Answer 6

+ allows us to study large amounts of qualitative data
+reliability, often uses inter-rater reliability
-bias, if researcher makes coding unit
-may not be accurate, if material is very ambiguous or unclear

Question 7

ways to assess reliability

Answer 7

-test-retest, same test is repeated a number of times with the same person
-inter-observer reliability, more than one researcher observes the same pps, looking for a degree of similarity between scores

Question 8

internal validity

Answer 8

-what goes on inside the experiment (manipulation of IV being effected by confounding variables)
-face validity= whether the aim of the study measures what it is meant to
-concurrent validity= new measures in a study have been compared to a previous valid study

Question 9

external validity

Answer 9

-extent to which we can generalise
-ecological validity= extent we can generalise to different contexts
-temporal validity= extent we can generalise to different time periods

Question 10

empirical method

Answer 10

using research evidence to help create and support theories

Question 11

paradigm

Answer 11

-general theory or law accepted by majority of scientists in that field
-not fixed, change when we gather new evidence which questions the adequacy of the existing paradigm= paradigm shift

Question 12

science develops through 3 stages:

Answer 12

-Kuhn
1. pre science= variety of theories, but no paradigm
2. normal science= accepted paradigm has dominated science, but over period of time evidence contradicts
3. revolutionary science= paradigm shift, new paradigm is accepted due to new theories and more evidence to reject the old one. Shift is gradual and not all scientists will follow

Question 13

features in a psychological report

Answer 13

-Abstract (summary)
-Introduction (other studies + the limitations)
-Method
-Results
-Discussions (explanations of behaviour shown)
-References

Question 14

included in the method of a psychological report:

Answer 14

-design (methodology, variables)
-Participants
-materials
-procedure
-ethics

Question 15

primary data vs secondary data vs meta analysis

Answer 15

-PD= collected specifically for the research being carried out
-SD= using data that someone else has researched, analysed and published
-MA= using data from primary research on a large scale and re-analysing

Question 16

thematic analysis steps

Answer 16

1. familiarise yourself with the data
2. coding, give labels to the data (e.g. if hearing interviewee say ‘thinking of the future’ lots, they write TF)
3. categorisation, codes are reviewed, finalised and similar codes are merged together to complete themes

Question 17

ways to display quantitative data

Answer 17

-bar charts= vertical bars equal width apart
-histograms= bar chart but with data on the x and y axis
-scattergrams= used for plotting correlations
-tables

Question 18

inferential statistics

Answer 18

-researchers can draw conclusions because statistical tests can tell them how likely they are to be correct

Question 19

probability

Answer 19

-written using < >
-o represents no chance, 1 represents complete chance
-p<0.1 (10%) p<0.05(5%) p<0.01(1%)

Question 20

test of difference

Answer 20

unrelated, related, association/correlation
nominal= Chill Still Coolly
ordinal= Man Walk Super
interval= U Really Promise

-Chi square, Sign, Chi square
-Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Spearman’s rho
-Unrelated T-test, Related T-test, Pearson’s r

Question 21

type 1 error vs type 2

Answer 21

-type 1= when the null hypothesis is rejected and the experimental hypothesis accepted
-type 2= when null hypothesis is accepted and experimental hypothesis is rejected