Renal/Urinary Flashcards

Review the most common pediatric renal and urinary diseases.

1
Q

What are the general interventions for any kidney or urinary disorder?

A
  • monitor intake and output
  • monitor vital signs
  • get a daily weight at same time each day
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2
Q

What is the last resort treatment for renal diseases that cause kidney failure?

A

Dialysis or Kidney transplant.

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3
Q

Describe:

Glomerulonephritis

A

An autoimmune disease that damages the glomeruli.

It is caused by untreated strep throat or lupus that causes inflammation in the kidneys.

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4
Q

What are the severe complications of untreated glomerulonephritis?

A
  • kidney failure and heart failure due to fluid build-up
  • hypertensive encephalopathy and seizures due to toxin build-up
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5
Q

What are the urine characteristics with glomerulonephritis?

A
  • hematuria: smokey-brown urine
  • proteinuria: foamy urine

The glomeruli are no longer able to filter blood, protein, or fluids properly.

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6
Q

What are the diet restrictions for glomerulonephritis?

A
  • limit sodium and fluids if edematous
  • limit potassium if oliguria
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7
Q

Medications:

Glomerulonephritis

A
  • diuretics
  • antihypertensives
  • antibiotics for strep infection
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8
Q

What are the interventions for glomerulonephritis due to toxin build-up in the blood?

A

Seizure precautions and anticonvulsants if seizures occur.

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9
Q

Describe:

Nephrotic syndrome

A

An autoimmune disease where the nephrons are damaged.

The cause is unknown, but risk factors are diabetes mellitus and lupus.

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10
Q

What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • massive proteinuria: foamy urine
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • edema
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11
Q

Medications:

Nephrotic syndrome

A
  • diuretics
  • corticosteroids to decrease inflammation
  • immunosuppressants
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12
Q

What is the teaching to the parents for a child with nephrotic syndrome?

A

To have child avoid people with infections since child may be on immunosuppressants.

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13
Q

Describe:

Epispadias and hypospadias

A

Congenital defects in which the ureter opening is in the wrong spot.

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14
Q

How is epispadias and hypospadias treated?

A

Surgery to correct the opening: is usually done between 6 - 12 months old before toilet training begins.

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15
Q

Is a child with epispadias or hypospadias circumcised?

A

Usually not, since the surgeon may use the foreskin to reconstruct the urethral opening.

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16
Q

What tube will the infant have after surgery for urethral reconstruction?

A

Child may have a urinary diversion or stent to keep the urethral opening patent while the urinary meatus (opening) is healing.

17
Q

After how long would the surgeon be called if there is no urine output after urethral surgical reconstruction?

A

Call after 1 hour: there may be a kink or sediment blocking the opening.

18
Q

Medications:

Urethral reconstruction surgery

A
  • anticholinergics to relieve bladder spasms
  • antibiotics
  • analgesics
19
Q

What is the teaching to parents about home care for a child with urethral surgery reconstruction?

A
  1. no tub baths until tube or stent is removed
  2. monitor fluid intake and output at home by monitoring wet diapers
  3. monitor for signs and symptoms of infection
    • purulent drainage
    • fever
    • excessive edema