Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal sinus Formation of 1˚ palate

Repro: Embryology Flashcards by Mary Potkonjak

What are the 4 important genes of embryogenesis?

Sonic hedgehog - A/P & CNS

Wnt-7 - D/V

FGF - Lengthen limbs

Homeobox (Hox) - Craniocaudal

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What genes are produces at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of developing limbs)?

Wnt-7 - D/V

FGF - length

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Gastrulation

Forms trilaminar embryonic disc (3rd week)

Epiblast invaginating to form primitive streak

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What structures are formed by the surface ectoderm?

Adenohypophysis (Rathke’s pouch)

Lens & Sensory organ of ear

Olfactory and oral cavity epithelium

Epidermis

Parotid, sweat, and mammary glands

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What does the neuroectoderm form?

CNS: Brain, retina/optic nerve, spinal cord

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What do neural crest cells form?

PNS (dorsal root ganglia, CN, celiac ganglion, ANS)

Melanocytes

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

Pia and arachnoid

Bones of skull

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What do mesodermal defects cause?

VACTERL

Vertebral defects

Anal atresia

Cardiac defects

Tracheo-Esoaphageal fistula

Renal defects

Limb defects

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What structures are formed from endoderm?

Gut tube epithelium

Urethra

Luminal epithelial derivatives

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What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?

Agenesis: Absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

Aplasia: Absent organ depsite presence or primordial tissue

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Hypoplasia

Incomplete organ development

Primordial tissue present

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What is the difference between Deformation, Disruption, and Malformation?

Deformation: Extrinsic disruption, post embryonic period

Disruption: 2˚ breakdown of previously normal tissue

Malformation: Intrinsic disruption, occurs during embryonic period

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What is an example of a sequence error?

Oligohydramnios → Potter Sequence

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When is a developing fetus most susceptible to teratogens?

Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

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What 3 structures are found in the umbilical cord?

Umbilical arteries (2) - deoxygenated blood from fetal iliac arteries

Umbilical vein - Oxygenated blood

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Urachus

Duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac

Yolk sac → Allantois (extends to UG sinus) → Urachus

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What 3 things can result if the urachus fails to obliterate?

Patent urachus - urine discharge from umbilicus

Urachal cyst - fluid-filled cavity lined w/ uroepithelium between umbilicus and bladder

Vesicourachal diverticulum - outpouching of bladder

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Viteline duct

Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen

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If the vitelline duct doesn’t completely obliterate (7th week) what can occur?

Vitelline fistula - meconium discharge from umbilicus

Meckel diverticulum - melana, periumbilical pain, ulcers

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1st aoritc arch forms the ____________.

Maxillary artery

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2nd aortic arch forms what 2 arteries?

Stapedial and hyoid

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3rd aortic arch forms what 2 arteries?

Common Carotid

Proxiaml part of Internal Carotid

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4th aortic arch forms what 2 arteries

L: aortic arch

R: proximal R subclavian

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6th aortic arch forms what what structures?

Proximal pulmonary arteries

Ductus arteriosus

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What are the brachial clefts, arches and pouches formed from?

CAP covers outside to insdie

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoder

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What does the 1st brachial cleft form?

External auditory meatus

What do the 2nd-4th brachial clefts form?

**Temporary cervical sinuses** \*\*which are obliterated by proliferation of **2nd arch mesenchyme**\*\*

What does a persistant cervical sinus form?

Brachial cleft cyst - lateral neck

What are the symptoms of **DiGeorge**?

22q11 - aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches **T-cell deficiency** (thymic aplasia) **Hypocalcemia** (failure of parathyroid) **Cardiac defects**

MEN 2A

**RET germline mutation - neural crest** Pheochromocytomas Parathyroid tumor Parafollicular cells (medullary thyroid cancer)

Cleft lip

Failure of fusion of the **maxillary** and **medial nasal sinus** ## Footnote **Formation of 1˚ palate**

Cleft Palate

Failure of fusion of **2 lateral palatine processes** or Failulre of fusion of **Lateral palatine process** w/ _nasal septum_ and/or _median palatine process_ **Formation of the 2˚ palate**

What 3 things are necessary for male development?

SRY gene (Y chromosome) Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (Sertoli cells) Androgens (Leydig cells)

Paramesonephric duct

Mullerian duct - Develops on default Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper 2/3 of vagina

Mesonephric duct

Wolffian duct (SEED) **S**eminal vesicles, **E**pididymis, **E**jaculatory duct, and **D**uctus deferens

What results from an incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?

**Bicornate uterus** Recurrent miscarriages

What lymph nodes do the ovaries/testes drain to?

Para-aortic LN

What lymph nodes do the distal vagina/vulva/scrotum drain to?

Superficial inguinal

What lymph nodes do the proximal vagina/uterus drain to?

Obturator, **external iliac**, and hypogastric

What ligament contains the ovarian vessels?

Infundibulopelvic - suspensory ligament of the ovaries

What ligament contains the uterine vessels?

Cardinal ligament (cervix to side of pelvis)

What ligament is a derivative of gubernaculum?

Round ligament of the uterus Uterine fundus to labia majora

What structures are contained in the broad ligament?

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligament of the uterus

Ovarian ligament connects what two structures?

Medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus

What is the histology of the fallopian tube?

Simple columnar epithelium - many ciliated cells Few secretory (peg) cells

What is the histology of the outer surface of the ovary?

**Simple cuboidal epithelium** (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary)

What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?

**SEVEN UP** **S**eminiferous tubules **E**pididymis **V**as Deferens **E**jaculatory ducts nothing **U**rethra **P**enis

Which cells in the testes does increase in temperature affect?

Sertoli cells ↓sperm production and inhibin ↑ temperature

Which of the male non-germ cells secrete androgen-binding protein?

Sertoli - maintain local level of testosterone Support sperm synthesis

What is the order of estrogens in terms of potency?

Estradiol \> Estrone \> Estriol

What 3 places is estrogen synthesized?

**Ovary** - 17β-estradiol **Placenta** - Estriol **Adipose** - Estrone

What 3 things does estrogen promote the development of?

Female genetalia and breast Female fat distribution

Estrogen induces the upregulation of what 3 receptors? And provides feedback inhibition for what 2 hormones?

ER, PR, and LH receptor FSH and LH

What effect does estrogen have on SHBG, HDL and LDL?

↑ SHBG ↑HDL ↓LDL

The fall in _____________ after delivery disinhibits prolactin.

Progesterone

What 4 structures can produce progesterone?

Corpus luteum Placenta Adrenal cortex Testes

What is tanner stage 2?

Pubic hair appears and breast buds from (thelarche)

What is tanner stage 3?

Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly ↑ Penis size/length Breasts enlarge

Tanner stage 4

↑Penis width Darker scrotal skin Development of glans Raised areolae

What is Tanner stage 5?

Adult - areolae are no longer raised

What is the differnece between **metorrhagia**, **menorrhagia**, and **menometrorrhagia**?

**Metorrhagia**: Frequent, irregular bleeding **Menorrhagia**: Heavy bleeding **Menometrorrhagia**: Heavy irregularly, irregular

1˚ oocytes begin **meiosis I** during _________ and complete **meiosis I** just prior to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Fetal life Ovulation

Meiosis I is arrested in ___________ for years.

Prophase I

Meiosis II is arrested in _________ until fertilization.

Metaphase II

If fertilization does not occur within ______ the 2˚ oocyte degenerates.

1 day!

**During ovulation:** ↑ estrogen, and ↑GnRH receptors on the anterior pituitary What stimulates the LH surge?

Estrogen

Mittelschmerz

Transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain Peritoneal irritaiton, follicular swelling/rupture, fallopian tube contraction

Implantation within the wall of hte uterus occurs ______ after fertilization.

6 days

What cells secrete hCG into the blood? How early is this detectable?

Syncytiotrophoblasts 1 week after conception - blood 2 weeks after conception - urine

What is the role of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation?

**Prolactin**: induces and maintains lactation - ↓repro fx **Oxytocin**: milk letdown and promotes uterine contractions

What benefits does breastmilk have for infants?

Maternal IgA, Mφ, lymphocytes ↓fetal infections ↓ risk for child to develop asthma, allergies, diabetes mellitus, and obesity

What must be supplemented in exclusively breast fed infants?

Vitamin D

What hormonal changes are seen in menopause?

↓Estrogen **↑↑FSH** & ↑LH ↑GnRH

What are the symptoms seen with menopause?

**HAVOCS** **H**ot flashes **A**trophy of the **V**agina **O**steoporosis **C**AD **S**leep disturbances

Spermatogenesis begins at _______ with spermatogonia

Puberty

Where does spermatogenesis occur? How long does it take?

Seminerferous tubules 2 months

What 2 things must happen to a spermatid for them to form a mature spermatozoon?

Loss of cytoplasmic contents Acrosomal cap \*\*Spermiogenesis\*\*

What two organs synthesize androgens?

**Testis**: DHT and testosterone **Adrenal**: Androstenedione

What is the order of potency of androgens?

DHT \> testosterone \> androstenedione

What are the functions of testosterone? (5)

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles Growth spurt Deepending of voice Closing of epiphyseal plates Libido

Repro: Embryology Flashcards

(79 cards)