Repro Exam III Review (boobs, penises)

Question 1

What is the ONLY finding in Fibrocystic Change of the Breast that is a risk factor for the development of carcinoma?

Answer 1

JUST Atypical Epithelial Hyperplasia! (NOT Blue-Domed Cyst, NOT Fibrosis)

Question 2

What is the most common benign tumor in the breast?

Answer 2

Fibro-Adenomas

Question 3

Fibroadenomas measure ___ cm in diameter and are well-_________ spherical nodules, usually well-circumscribed from the breast parenchyma and are freely ________ from the surrounding breast substance.

Answer 3

2-5 cm…ENCAPSULATED….moveable

Question 4

What are freely moveable, encapsulated benign tumors of the breast?

Answer 4

Fibroadenomas

Question 5

What are the two components to a fibroadenoma?

Answer 5

1.Fibrous Stroma 2.Glandular Epithelium

Question 6

What is the black paint on the edge of a biopsy signify?

Answer 6

the SURGICAL MARGIN

Question 7

Where is the most popular location for a FibroAdenoma?

Answer 7

UPPER, OUTER Quadrant

Question 8

What age range is most susceptible to FibroAdenoma? What is their prognosis?

Answer 8

Young Women…99% benign, excellent prognosis

Question 9

What is thought to be the etiology of fibrocytic change in the breast? What can this tell us about prognosis?

Answer 9

Sex hormones! So before puberty and after menopause fibrocytic changes should not occur.

Question 10

What are the signs and symptoms of a woman with Fibrocystic disease/change in the breast? What % of women aged 20-50 actually have symptoms? Are you more likely to see it unilaterally or bilaterally?

Answer 10

palpable LUMPS in the breast, signs are found in approx. 50% of all women examined at biopsy/autopsy….10-15% of women have symptoms….BILATERAL disease

Question 11

What is the most characteristic clinical feature of the IntraDuctal Papilloma? What are the 2 not as popular ones?

Answer 11

MOST: 1. A serous (yellow) or bloody discharge from the nipple……..Less popular: 2. A small areolar mass and 3. rarely nipple retraction

Question 12

Which condition has Blue-Domed Cysts?

Answer 12

Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast

Question 13

Which condition has encapsulation?

Answer 13

Fibroadenoma

Question 14

Which 5 conditions have fibrous tissue?

Answer 14

1. Fibrocystic disease of the breast and 2. Fibroadenoma 3.Chronic Mastitis 4.Fat necrosis of the breast 5.GyneCoMastia

Question 15

What is a very strong reaction where the tumor cells infiltrating the tissue are surrounded by dense connective tissue that is produced by the host in response to the tumor?

Answer 15

A “Desmoplastic” reaction

Question 16

What does a desmoplastic reaction do to the appearance of a tumor?

Answer 16

the tumor appears firm and gritty

Question 17

What type of cancer is most closely associated with a desmoplastic reaction? What type of cancer explicitly is NOT associated with a desmoplastic reaction?

Answer 17

Associated: Invasive Ductal Cancer….Not Associated: Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Question 18

What is the most common etiology behind fat necrosis of the breast?

Answer 18

TRAUMA (secondary: prior surgery, radiation)

Question 19

What 3 breast conditions can MIMIC a carcinoma because of fibrous scarring??

Answer 19

1. Chronic Mastitis 2.Fat Necrosis 3.Fibrocystic Disease

Question 20

What major anatomical breast structure is lacking in the male breast?

Answer 20

Lobules

Question 21

What is gynecomastia caused by?

Answer 21

hormonal changes in puberty

Question 22

What are the two ways gynecomastia can develop in adulthood?

Answer 22

1.Cirrhosis of the liver (thus unable to break down estrogen) 2. tumor (secreting estrogen)

Question 23

In gynecomastia, what is presented directly under the areolar area?

Answer 23

a fibrous cap

Question 24

How much less frequent is male breast cancer then in female? Which one spreads faster?

Answer 24

Male is 100x less, but it spreads much faster c/o less tissue

Question 25

What are the 8 risk factors for malignant breast cancer?

Answer 25

1.Sex 2.Age 3.Race 4.Genetics 5.Hormones 6.Other Cancers 7.Fibrocystic Chang/Multiple Intraductal Papillomatosis

Question 26

Breast Cancer Risk Factors- Sex: Females are affected ____ times more often than males.

Answer 26

100x

Question 27

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Age: Very rare before puberty and quite unusual in young women. The incidence slowly rises after the age of ___ years and peaks in postmenopausal women who are about ___ years of age.

Answer 27

35....60 yrs

Question 28

Breast Cancer Risk Factors- Race: Uncommon in _______, and _______, and is most common in _________, espec. Jews.

Answer 28

Japanese, and Chinese..........Caucasians

Question 29

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Genetics: A history of familial cancer increases the risk for relatives be _____ fold and possibly higher in some families.

Answer 29

5-10 fold

Question 30

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Hormonal Factors: Women who are exposed to _________ for prolonged periods tend to develop breast cancer more frequently than those who are not. SO most at risk: early _____ or late ______.

Answer 30

estrogens ... early period or late menopause

Question 31

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Hormonal Factors: Who is at greater risk: nulliparous women or women who have had multiple children?

Answer 31

Nulliparous...being pregnant stops the cyclic estrogen secretion

Question 32

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Hormonal Factors: The fact that many breast cancers have _______ receptors, and that growth of these cells can be inhibited or slowed down by synthetic ______.

Answer 32

estrogen receptors...anti-estrogen drugs

Question 33

Breast Cancer Risk Factors-Presence of other Cancers: The incidence of breast cancers is increased in women who have cancer in ______, as well as those who have _______ or ________ cancer.

Answer 33

the other breast..... ovarian....endometrial (high estrogen!!!)

Question 34

Breast Cancer Risk Factors- What are the ONLY two PREMALIGNANT neoplasias that are risk factors? How long does it take for these risk factors to spread?

Answer 34

1.Fibrocystic Changes 2.Multiple Intraductal Papillomas....several years

Question 35

Breast Cancer Risk Factors- What are the 2 'other' causes of breast cancer?

Answer 35

1.obesity (high fat diet) 2. moderate EtOH consumption

Question 36

The main difference between an intraductal and invasive lesion is breaching of the ________.

Answer 36

Basement Membrane