Reproductive Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Testes →
A
Male Gonads / Testicles
2
Q
Formation of the male gamete
A
Sperm
3
Q
Synthesis and secretion
A
Testosterone
4
Q
large round or polygonal cells with central nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm, rich in small lipid droplets)
A
INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG
5
Q
→ specifically produces Testosterone
A
INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG
6
Q
Evidently abundant during PUBERTY
A
INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG
7
Q
Site of sperm production (2 x 108 per day in young adults)
A
Seminiferous Tubules
8
Q
Saminiferous Tubules
Per testis →
A
250 to 1,000 tubules
9
Q
Seminiferous tubules
Each tubule is a loop linked by the STRAIGHT TUBULE, to the _ _
A
Rete testis
10
Q
labyrinth of epithelium-lined channels embedded in the mediastinum testis
A
Rete testis
11
Q
Each Seminiferous Tubule is lined with a complex, specialized Stratified Epithelium
A
GERMINAL or SPERMATOGENIC EPITHELIUM
12
Q
large non-dividing cells that support the developing precursor cell; it establishes the blood-testis barrier
A
Sertoli Cells (Nurse Cells)
13
Q
flat, smooth, muscular cells; reason for
contractions of the tubule
A
Myoid Cells
14
Q
known as the dividing cells; forms the concentric layers of the germinal epithelium
A
Spermatogenic lineage cells
15
Q
3 Seminiferous Tubules
A
Sertoli Cells (Nurse Cells)
Myoid Cells
Spermatogenic lineage cells
16
Q
Excretory Genital Ducts
● These transport sperm from the scrotum to the penis during ejaculation: (3)
A
Epididymis
Vas deferens also known as Ductus deferens
Urethra
17
Q
Temporary storage of sperm
A
Epididymis
18
Q
Coiled in appearance and lined with __
__ __ consisting of Columnar Principal Cells
A
Epididymis
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
19
Q
3 REGIONS of the EPIDIDYMIS
A
Head
Body
Tail
20
Q
3 REGIONS of the EPIDIDYMIS
entrance of the efferent duct
A
Head
21
Q
3 REGIONS of the EPIDIDYMIS
spermatocytes grow and develop even further
A
Body
22
Q
3 REGIONS of the EPIDIDYMIS
storage area of sperm up until ejaculation
A
Tail
23
Q
What happens to the sperm when in the Epididymis?
A
Builds up the competence for independent forward motility
24
Q
What happens to the sperm when in the Epididymis?
(2)
A
Development of its cell membrane surrounding the head of sperm, and addition of more cholesterol and various cellular factors which aids to its success in fertilizing an oocyte.
25
What do you call the ability of the sperm to fertilize an egg?
Capacitation
26
Vas Deferens / Ductus Deferens
● Lining Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (with stereocilia)
27
Vas Deferens / Ductus Deferens
Forms part of the spermatic cord which also includes the __ __, the __ __, and __
testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, nerves.
28
Vas Deferens / Ductus Deferens
Within the __ __ , it merges with the ducts of the __ ___, eventually forming the __ __ which open into the _ __
prostate gland
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
29
Accessory Gland: Male reproductive system
Three sets of glands connect to the conducts deferens of urethre
seminal vesicles (paired)
prostate
bulbourethral gland (paired)
30
Accessory gland: Male reproductive system
Seminal vesicles have a characteristic __ __ __ woth a large surface
31
Accessory gland: Male reproductive system
Seminal vesicles have a characteristic __ __ __ woth a large surface area
thin mucosal folds
32
Accessory Gland: Male reproductive system
The prostate gland has many individual __ __, some containing concretions called __ __
tubuloacinar gland
corpora amylacea
33
Accessory Gland: Male reproductive system
The small paired bulbourethral gland consist mainly of __ __
mucuos acini
34
Main contributor of SEMINAL FLUID → Comprises __ of __
Seminal Vesicle
70% of semen
35
Seminal vesicle - Fructose
stimulates the muscular activity of the female reproductive tract to help the sperm to reach its
final destination (__ __)
Prostaglandins
Fallopian tube
36
Seminal vesicle major contents (2)
FRUCTOSE
FIBRINOGEN
37
Seminal vesicle
primary source of energy for prostaglandins
Fructose
38
39
Seminal vesicle
Reason for sperm coagulation after ejaculation (for the protection of sperm cells from the external environment)
FIBRINOGEN
40
Prostate Gland
● Consists of three parts →
TRANSITION ZONE,
CENTRAL ZONE,
PERIPHERAL ZONE
41
Prostate Gland - 3 parts
5% of the prostate volume, and surrounds the superior portion of the urethra, consisting of the mucosal glands
TRANSITION ZONE
42
Prostate Gland - 3 parts
25% of the prostate volume, consists of the submucosal glands with longer ducts.
CENTRAL ZONE
43
Prostate Gland - 3 parts
70% of the prostate volume, consists of the prostate main glands with longer ducts.
PERIPHERAL ZONE
44
no physiologic significance
Corpora Amylacea
45
Partially calcified and present in the lumen of prostatic
tubuloacinar glands
Corpora Amylacea
46
Corpora amylacea
Consists of deposited __ and __ __
glycoproteins
keratin sulfate
47
Increases as the person ages (abundant in geriatric individuals)
Corpora Amylacea
48
Aids in the liquefaction of coagulated semen for the release of sperm after ejaculation
Prostate Specific Antigen
49
Small amounts of __ __ _ also leak normally into the prostatic vasculature
Prostate Specific Antigen
50
Elevated levels of circulating prostate specific antigen →
abnormal; indication of prostate carcinoma or inflammation
51
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper’s Glands
in diameter
3-5 mm in diameter
52
Consists of tubuloacinar secretory units, lined by a __ __ __ __
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper’s Glands
mucus secreting columnar epithelium
53
Releases a clear mucus-like secretion during erection
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper’s Glands
54
functions to coat and lubricate the urethra in preparation for the passage of sperm
Bulbourethral Glands / Cowper’s Glands
55
Contains two dorsal __ __ and one __ __ comprising a __ cavernous tissue and smooth muscle, as well as helicine arteries.
Penis
CORPORA CAVERNOSA, CORPUS
SPONGIOSUM
vascular
56
Penis
a function mediated by the parasympathetic action of
the body
Erection
57
Penis
Enlargement and increased turgidity in the three corporas
Erection
58
Penis
a function mediated by the sympathetic action of the
body
Ejaculation
59
almond-shaped, 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 1 cm
thick.
Ovary
60
Ovary
Covered by → Simple Cuboidal Epithelium; Germinal Surface Epithelium; Overlaid by a dense connective tissue capsule layer called the
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
61
Ovary
● Consists of a __ (highly cellular connective tissue), __ __, and __ (loose connective tissue)
Cortex
Ovarian follicles
Medulla
62
Ovary
Before puberty → all follicles are
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES
63
Ovary - before puberty
Formed in the fetal gland, with one primary oocyte arrested at __ __ __ → lined by
Meiotic Prophase I
Squamous Follicular Epithelial Cells
64
Ovary
After puberty → becomes
PRIMARY FOLLICLES
65
Ovary - after puberty
Consist of an enlarging primary oocyte surrounded by
__ __ → functions __
Granulosa cells
functions for fluid secretion and steroid hormone metabolism
66
Ovary
During the growth of PRIMARY FOLLICLE, mesenchymal cells around form a vascular layer →
THECA INTERNA & THECA EXTERNA
67
Ovary
secretes PROGESTERONE and ESTROGEN
precursors which are converted by granulosa cells into
__
Theca Interna
ESTROGEN
68
Ovary
Per month, only one Graafian Follicle becomes a Dominant Follicle and undergoes ___
OVULATION
69
Also known as Oviducts
Uterine Tubes
70
Ovary
Antral Follicles continue developing as mature, __ __, which have large antrum filled with fluid, with large primary oocyte enclosed by granulosa cells
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES
71
Uterine Tubes
The ovulated oocyte goes
to the __ of the
uterine tube and enters
through the __ where
it __ if there is no fertilization.
infundibulum
ampulla
DEGENERATES
72
Consists of a heavily-folded mucosa with secretory peg cells
Uterine Tubes
73
consists of numerous longitudinal folds with
secretory peg cells that are darker in color and secrete a
mucus film → bathes the sperm for nutrition
Mucosa layer - Uterine Tubes
74
interwoven circular and longitudinal muscle
layers; thick, for peristaltic contractions of the tube
Muscularis layer - Uterine Tubes
75
visceral peritoneum with mesothelium
Serosa layer - Uterine Tubes
76
Uterine mucosa / Endometrium lined →
Simple Columnar Epithelium
77
Uterus
Consists of a highly cellular basal layer next to the
__, with a more superficial __ __.
MYOMETRIUM
FUNCTIONAL LAYER
78
Uterus
Changing hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone influence its thickness, glandular activity, and vascular status → specifically seen in the
ENDOMETRIAL FUNCTIONAL LAYER
79
Located in the lower cylindrical part of the
uterus
Cervix
80
Differs histologically from the rest of the
uterus
Cervix
81
Cervix
junction between the columnar and squamous epithelia
Transformation Zone of the Cervix
82
Cervix MUCOSA
Endocervical lined by
Simple columnar epithelium with cervical glands
83
Cervix MUCOSA
Ectocervical lined by
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
84
Vagina
● Lining →
Stratified Squamous Epithelium surrounded by a
muscularis
85
Stimulated by ESTROGEN → epithelial cells synthesize &
accumulate glycogen
Vagina
86
Vagina
Cells are __ → bacteria metabolize __ to lactic
acid → __ __ within the vagina → serves as __ against pathogenic microorganisms
desquamated
glycogen
low ph
protection
87
Vagina
__ in the vagina is
produced by the cervical
glands
Mucus
88
Vagina Muscular
layer
→
composed of two indistinct layers of smooth muscle (circular
and thicker longitudinal
bundles)
89
Vagina
Dense
Connective
Tissue of adventitia →
rich in elastic fibers →
leading to strong and
elastic vaginal wall
90
abundant with sensory nerves and tactile receptors
External Genitalia (Vulva)
91
External Genitalia (Vulva) Lining epithelium →
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
92
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure (4)
VESTIBULE
LABIA MINORA
LABIA MAJORA
CLITORIS
93
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure
space with a wall consisting of tubulo-acinar
vestibular glands
VESTIBULE
94
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure
folds of skin lacking hair follicles, with
numerous sebaceous glands
LABIA MINORA
95
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure
homologous and histologically similar to
the skin of the scrotum
LABIA MAJORA
96
External Genitalia (Vulva) structure
erectile structure in females homologous to the
penis with paired corpora cavernosa
CLITORIS
97
histologic changes with age and pregnancy
Mammary Gland
98
Mammary Gland
Before puberty
consists of lactiferous sinus only
99
Mammary Gland
Adult, Non-pregnant
consist of sinuses, ducts, and abundant
connective tissue
100
Mammary Gland
Adult, Mid-pregnancy stage
consists of alveoli, with leukocyte
infiltration
101
Mammary Gland
Adult, Late-pregnancy stage
dilation of alveoli and ducts
102
Mammary Gland
Lactation stage
enlargement of alveoli
103
Mammary Gland
Post-lactation stage
alveoli degeneration
104
Mammary Gland
develop after puberty
on a branching duct
system with lactiferous
sinuses converging at
the nipple.
Alveolar secretory units
