Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What should enclosures be made of?

A

Synthetic nonporous material, sealed wood, plexiglass

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2
Q

What size should enclosures be?

A

Larger the better, vertical for arboreal species, horizontal for terrestial species

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3
Q

What should the temperature be?

A

85-95 degrees for tropical and desert lizards with a basking light reaching no more than 100-105 degrees

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4
Q

What humidity should it be?

A

80-90 for tropical
30-50% for desert

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5
Q

Why is UVB lighting important?

A

necessary for vitamin d synthesis and calcium absorption

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6
Q

What do herbivore lizards eat?

A

grasses, leaves, vegetables, and fruit

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7
Q

What type of diet should herbivore lizards have?

A

moderate to high fiber and moderate to low fat and protein

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8
Q

What should be fed as a protein source?

A

Alfalfa in moderation

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9
Q

What should you never feed herbivore lizards?

A

Dog or cat food

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10
Q

What is toxic to herbivore lizards?

A

parsley, spinach, and chives

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11
Q

What do carnivores eat?

A

Prey, small mammals, birds, or other reptiles

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12
Q

What type of diet should carnivores be fed?

A

High protein diet with moderate fat and low fibeer

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13
Q

How should you feed carnivores immature rodents?

A

Coated with calcium supplement

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14
Q

Why should you avoid feeding live prey?

A

may cause injury to the reptile

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15
Q

What do insectivore lizards eat?

A

crickets, mealworms, and was worms

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16
Q

How should you prepare insects?

A

Must be fed a nutrient rich diet for up to 2 days

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17
Q

Why should you do gut loading?

A

Insects do not provide enough nutrition without gut loading

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18
Q

What do omnivore lizards eat?

A

Plant and prey items; combination of items you feed the other types of lizards

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19
Q

How should you give water to reptiles?

A

Depending on the species, dish, misting, or dripping system

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20
Q

How to restrain a lizard?

A

Restrain head first to prevent bite; secure the head by placing the index finger and thumb around the base of the mandible. Use free hand to hold rear legs and tail; do not hold tail

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21
Q

What is a calming trick for lizards?

A

Some species will calm down with both eyes covered due to vagal stimulation

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22
Q

What are the venipuncture sites of lizards?

A
  1. Ventral coccygeal (tail)
  2. Jugular
  3. Ventral abdominal
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23
Q

How to restrain chelonians?

A

Grasp both sides of the shell then restrain head by grasping base of skull at the mandible with index finger and thumb

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24
Q

Venipuncture sites of chelonians?

A
  1. Jugular
  2. Subcarapacial venous sinus
  3. Dorsal coccygeal
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25
What is the main defense of snakes?
Bites and constriction
26
How do you restrain snakes?
Grasp head at level of mandible support body with the other hand
27
What is a major medication toxic to chelonians and debilitated snakes?
Ivermectin
28
What does ivermectin cause in chelonians?
Neurologic deficits and often death
29
What is metabolic bone disease?
Malnutrition and lack of exposure to UVB light leads to decreased sythensis of vitamin d3
30
Why is vitamin D3 essential?
Calcium absorption and metabolism
31
What are the clinical signs of metabolic bone disease?
weakness lethargy stunted growth muscle fasciculations abnormal gait or posture fractures soft mandible or rubber jaw
32
What happens if you dont treat metabolic bone disease?
It is fatal
33
What are two renal/urethral diseases lizards can have?
renal disease and bladder stones
34
What is gout?
Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood lead to insoluble uric acid crystals in tissues
35
What parasites can lizards get?
1. Ticks amd mites 2. Worms 3. Protozoa 4. Blood parasites
36
What are the types of worms lizards can get?
trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworm) nematodes (roundworm) Oxyurids (pinworms)
37
What type of protozoa do lizards get?
Entamoeba invadens and cryptosporidium
38
What does entamoeba cause?
Severe GI disease
39
What happens with cryptosporidium
Does not often respond to therapy and is fatal
40
What is unique about blood parasites in lizards?
Does not cause disease but rarely can cause anemia
41
What is unique about oxyurids in reptiles?
Believed to be commensal and are often present without causing disease
42
What is a zoonotic disease of reptiles?
Salmonella
43
What are the 3 viruses lizards can get?
1. Adenovirus 2. West Nile Virus 3. Herpes Virus
44
What does adenovirus cause in lizards?
neurologic, poor body condition, death; no treatment available
45
What species of lizard is west nile virus discovered in?
Crocodile
46
What does herpes virus in lizards cause?
wart like growth on the skin, stomatitis, disease in the liver, lung or spleen. No treatment available
47
What happens to snakes with inappropriate feeding or exercise?
Malnutrition or obesity
48
What parasites do snakes get?
1. Ticks and snake mites 2. Crytosporidium 3. Coccidian 4. Entamoeba
49
What do snake mites lead to?
anemia
50
What does cryptosporidium cause in snakes?
Asymptomatic carrier or GI problems
51
Can abx help with cryptosporidium
May reduce shedding
52
How do you treat coccidian parasties in snakes?
Sulfonamides
53
What are the clinical signs of entamoeba invadens?
hemorrhagic diarrhea dehydration muscle wasting death
54
What type of bacterial infections do snakes get?
Mostly gram negative but sometimes gram positive
55
What fungal infection can snakes get?
Fungal dermatitis associated with bad husbandry
56
What is inclusion body disease?
Suspect retrovirus that causes neurologic disease, weight loss, abnormal shedding and secondary infections
57
What is the treatment for inclusion body disease?
None
58
How is inclusion body disease transmitted?
Suspect snake mites
59
What are the 3 viruses snakes get?
1. Herpes virus 2. Adenovirus 3. Paramyxovirus
60
What does herpes virus cause in snakes?
lesions in liver, pancreas, kidney, and adrenal cortex
61
What is the tx for herpes virus in snakes?
none
62
What does adenovirus cause in snakes?
liver damage
63
What are the clinical signs of paramyxovirus?
nasal discharge pus and blood tinged discharge from glottis neurologic disease
64
How is paramyxovirus transmitted?
contaminated respiratory secretions
65
What is the treatment for paramyxovirus?
No tx
66
Can snakes get cancer?
yes
67
What are the zoonotic diseases of snakes?
Salmonella and campylobacter
68
Can humans get infested with the common snake mite?
They can get bit but the mite will not stay on humans
69
What are the 6 diseases common in chelonians?
1. hypovitaminosis a 2. Metabolic bone disease 3. Hepatic lipadosis 4. Accelerate growth or early maturity 5. gout 6. zoonotic disease
70
Why is hypovitaminosis a?
Vitamin a deficiency resulting in degeneration of epithelial surfaces
71
What causes gout showing an increased production of uric acid?
ingestion of excessive protein
72
What causes gout showing a decreased production of uric acid?
dehydration or kidney disease
73
What is hepatic lipadosis in chelonians?
1. Normal physiologic process during hibernation or egg formation but can be pathologic in obese or anorexic chelonians
74
What are the clinical signs of pathologic hepatic lipadosis?
obesity lethargy weight loss infertility abnormal feces anorexia
75
What causes accelerated growth in chelonians?
juveniles or hatchlings that are fed high protein diets
76
What does accelerated growth in chelonians cause?
renal disease skeletal deformities high mortality
77
What are 8 zoonotic diseases carried by chelonians?
1. Salmonella 2. Mycobacterium 3. Camplyobacter 4. Chlamydia 5. Yersinia 6. Vibrio 7. Aeromonas 8. Escherichia