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AS-Psychology(*) > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

what is informed consent

A

process where researchers working with participants describe their research project and get the participants consent

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2
Q

what is confidentiality

A

keeping the information private unless the information will harm you or someone else

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3
Q

what is the right to withdraw

A

allows a research participant to drop out of a study at any time without penalty

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4
Q

what is a debrief

A

the process or an instance of disclosing information after an experiment in order to inform a subject of the purpose and reasons for any deception or manipulation

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5
Q

what is protection from harm

A

Researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not be caused distress. They must be protected from physical and mental harm

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6
Q

what is deception

A

when a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research

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7
Q

what are the 5 different sampling methods

A

1)random
2)opportunity
3)volunteer
4)systematic
5)stratified

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8
Q

what is random sampling

A

a subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers who all have an equal chance of being picked

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9
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

the researcher selecting anyone who is available and willing to take part in the study

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10
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

a sampling technique where participants self-select to become part of a study because they volunteer when asked, or respond to an advert

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11
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

a sampling technique that uses a predetermined system to select the participants from a target group

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12
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

when the population is divided into specific groups and then randomly sampled from those

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13
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study

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14
Q

what are confounding variables

A

factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result

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15
Q

what are participant variables

A

individual differences between participants that may affect the dv

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16
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of the experimental situation that may affect the dv

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17
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

risk that the participants will change their natural behaviour in line with their interpretation of the aims of the study

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18
Q

what is randomisation

A

the process of assigning participants to treatment and control groups, assuming that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group

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19
Q

what is standardisation

A

the process of making a test uniform, or setting it to a specific standard

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20
Q

what is operationalisation

A

turning abstract conceptual ideas into measurable observations

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21
Q

what is the investigator effect

A

occurs when a researcher unintentionally, or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

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22
Q

19/09/2023

A

remember this homie

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23
Q

what are directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that states the direction

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24
Q

what are non-directional hypothesis

A

hypothesis that doesn’t state the direction

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25
what is a research aim
general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
26
what is a hypothesis
a clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between variables to be investigated
27
what is a null hypothesis
a statement of prediction that your research will not yield significant results
28
what is an experimental hypothesis
A prediction that your research will yield a significant difference or effect
29
what is a correlational hypothesis
A prediction that your research will yield a significant relationship
30
what is a one tailed hypothesis
states the direction of the difference or relationship
31
what is a two-tailed hypothesis
does not state the direction of difference or relationship
32
what is an alternative hypothesis
a statement of prediction that your research will yield significant results
33
what are the 4 types of experiment
-laboratory -field -quasi -natural
34
explain laboratory experiment
conducted under controlled conditions, in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
35
explain field experiment
Takes place in natural, real-world settings. The researcher manipulates the independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
36
explain quasi experiment
The independent variable naturally exists and the effect on the dependent variable is measured
37
explain natural experiment
In a natural environment and the independent variable is not brought about by the researcher. The dependant variable is decided by the researcher and measured
38
what is experimental design
the way participants are allocated to experimental groups of an investigation
39
what is independent groups design
two groups are exposed to different experimental conditions
40
what is repeated measures design
same participants take part in each condition of the experiment
41
what is matched pairs design
pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables
42
what is random allocation
chooses individuals for treatment and control groups entirely by chance
43
what is counter balancing
technique used to del with order effects when using a repeated measures design
44
what is a single-blind procedure
a specific research procedure in which the researchers do not tell the participants if they are being given control treatments or test treatment
45
what is a double-blind procedure
where neither the participants or the researchers know the critical aspects of the experiment
46
give 2 strength and limitations of laboratory experiments
strengths= -high control over ev -high control means more replicable limitations= -lacks ecological vadility -increases the likelihood of demand characteristics
47
give 1 strength and limitation of field experiments
strengths= -high ecological vadility -demand characteristics re less likely limitations= -difficult to control the ev -more ethical issues
48
give 1 strength and limitations of quasi experiments
strengths= -control over the ev limitations= -may be Cv
49
give 1 strength and limitation of natural experiments
strengths= -high external vadility -provides opportunities to research variables we cant manipulate limitations= -naturally occuring events may be rare -no control over ev
50
give 1 strength and limitations of independent groups design
strengths= -order effects are not a problem -less chance of demand characteristics limitations= -need to obtain more participants -may be participant variables
51
give 1 strength and limitation of repeated measures design
strengths= -participant variables are controlled limitations= -order effect
52
give 1 strength and limitations of matched pairs design
strengths= -order effects arent a problem limitations= -more time consuming
53
explain what structured interviews are
where you gather information using a set of standardized and predetermined questions
54
explain what semi-structured interviews are
combines a set of pre-determined set of open questions so the interviewer can explore responses further
55
explain what unstructured interviews are
has no predetermined questions
56
what is a naturalistic observation
watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would normally occur
57
what is a controlled observation
watching and observing behavior within a structured environment
58
what is a covert observation
participant behaviour is watched and recorded without knowledge or consent
59
what is an overt observation
participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge or consent
60
what is a participant observation
researcher becomes a member of the group who they are watching
61
what is a non-participant observation
researcher remains outside of group they are watching
62
what are behavioral categories
breaking the target behaviour into components that can be observed and measured
63
give 1 strength and limitation of naturalistic observations
strengths= -ecological vadility -low risk of dc limitations= -lacks control -replication is difficult
64
give 1 strength and limitation of controlled observations
strengths= -easier to replicate limitations= -low ecological vadility -dc
65
give 1 strength and limitation of overt observations
strengths= -more ethical limitations= -high chance of DC
66
give 1 strength and limitation of covert observations
strengths= -low chance of DC -higher validity limitations= -unethical
67
give 1 strength and limitations of participant observations
strengths= -low risk of DC limitations= -difficult to record behaviour
68
give 1 strength and limitations of non-participant observations
strengths= -less deception limitation= -reduced validity
69
what is event sampling
counting the number of times a particular behaviour or event occurs in an individual or group
70
what is time sampling
recording the behaviour in a pre-established time frame
71
what is an unstructured observation
observe and record all relevant behavior so there is continuous recording
72
what is a structured observation
uses a predetermined system for recording the behavior. They need to be clearly defined
73
what are the 3 types of correlation
postiive negative no correlation
74
what are co-variables
the two variables that have the relationship
75
what are the 2 types of reliability and explain them
internal= the internal consistency of a measure(everything should measure the same thing) external= the extent to which a measure is consistent again and again(if you want to replicate the study, would you get the same results?)
76
what are the two main types of validity and explain them
internal= the degree of confidence that the causal relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables external= Whether data can be generalised to other contexts
77
explain temporal validity
extent to which results from one-time point can relate to another time point
78
explain ecological validity
extent to which data can be generalized to the real word
79
explain face validity
extent to which a test appears to measure what it intends to
80
explain concurrent validity
whether a measure is in agreement to another pre-existing measure that has been validated
81
explain construct validity
the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what it's supposed to
82
explain population validity
extent to which results from a sample relate to the general population
83
what is a pilot study
the first step of the entire research protocol and is often a smaller-sized study assisting in planning and modification of the main study
84
why would a researcher conduct a pilot study
it provides necessary information not only for calculating the sample size but also all other main aspects of the study
85
what are the 3 main aims of peer review and explain them
-allocate research funding = wether or not to allocate funding for a proposed research project -validate the quality = all elements of research are assessed for quality and accuracy -suggest amendments or improvements = reviews may suggest improvements or conclude it is inappropriate
86

AS-Psychology(*) (40 decks)

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