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Psychology > Research Terms > Flashcards

Research Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Case studies

A

Observes the behavior of an individual or small group of people in a unique situation

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2
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watching people in their natural environment

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3
Q

Laboratory observation

A

Watching people in a lab

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4
Q

Psychological tests

A

personality, disposition, etc

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5
Q

Experiments

A

Using a tightly controlled environment to establish a cause and effect relationship between two variables

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6
Q

Inductive apporach

A

Begin with observation and then form a theory

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7
Q

Non participant observation

A

The researcher is not part of the group

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8
Q

Overt participation/Participant observation

A

The researcher becomes part of the group

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9
Q

Covert participation

A

Participants do not know they are being researched

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10
Q

Reactivity

A

Participants change their behavior in reaction to being observed

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11
Q

Inter-observer reliabilty

A

Multiple researchers compare notes to ensure something really happened

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12
Q

Surveys

A

A way of collecting information from a large and dispersed group of people

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13
Q

Structured interviews

A

Highly controlled and interview schedule is set

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14
Q

Semi-structured interviews

A

Informal but does follow a schedule; open and closed questions

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15
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Interview schedule specifies time and topic only

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16
Q

Social desirability bias

A

People try to present a positive picture of themselves, may not always tell the truth

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17
Q

Participant bias

A

When people adjust their answers to what they think is appropriate for the interviewer

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18
Q

Interviewer effects

A

Responses to sex, age or ethnicity of interviewer

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19
Q

Aim

A

Purpose of the study

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20
Q

Procedure

A

Step by step process used by the researcher

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21
Q

Findings

A

How the researcher interpreted the data

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22
Q

Ecological validity

A

The study represents what happened in real life

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23
Q

Cross-cultural validity

A

the research is relevant to other cultures and not just based on the values and beliefs of one culture

24
Q

Reliability

A

The study is reliable if the results can be replicated

25
Q

Target population

A

The specific group of people the psychologists are interested in studying

26
Q

Sample

A

The group of actual participants in the study

27
Q

Representative sample

A

A research sample that accurately represents the target population

28
Q

Participant variability

A

The extent to which the participants may share a common trait that can bias the outcome of the study

29
Q

Sampling bias

A

A variable in the sample group that can impact the outcome of the study

30
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Finding the most easily available and willing participants

31
Q

Self-selected sampling

A

A group of participants who volunteered

32
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants like friends and family

33
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of the target group has an equal chance of participating in the study

34
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Drawing random samples from each subpopulation within the target population

35
Q

Corrolational studies

A

Data collected to show a relationship between two variables

36
Q

Independent variable

A

The manipulated variable

37
Q

Dependent variable

A

The affected variable

38
Q

Operationalized

A

When the dependent and independent variable are defined

39
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

A prediction of how the manipulation of the independent variable is expected to affect the dependent variable

40
Q

Experimental condition

A

The group where the independent variable is manipulated

41
Q

Control condition

A

The group where the independent variable is not manipulated

42
Q

Null hypothesis

A

States that the independent variable will have no effect on the dependent variable

43
Q

Field experiments

A

Take place in a natural environment but the variables are still manipulated

44
Q

Natural experiments

A

Researchers have no control over the variables, but the variables are already there

45
Q

Confounding variables

A

Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

46
Q

Demand characteristics/Hawthorne effects

A

This is when participants act differently because they know they are part of an experiment

47
Q

Single-blind control

A

The participants don’t know what the aim of the study is

48
Q

Artificiality

A

When the situation is set up to be so unlikely that one has to wonder about ecological validity

49
Q

Researcher bias

A

The expectations of the researcher influence him/her subconsciously or consciously in a way that she/he sees what she/he is looking for

50
Q

Double-blind control

A

The participants do not know whether they are in the control or experimental group, neither do the researchers

51
Q

Deductive approach

A

Begin with a theory and then test it with observations

52
Q

Negative correlation

A

When one thing increases, the other decreases

53
Q

Quantitative research

A

Based on quantity and measurable data

54
Q

Qaulitative research

A

The value of the individual information

55
Q

Theory

A

General principal offered to explain a phenomena

56
Q

Triangulation

A

Using multiple research methods to investigate the same idea/theory

57
Q

ethnocentric

A

Evaluating other people and other cultures according to the standards of one’s own culture

Psychology (21 decks)

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