Development Unit: Terms

Question 1

internal working model

Answer 1

mental representation of the child’s first attachment relationship: ideas about others, self and how the self and others relate

Question 2

sensorimotor

Answer 2

birth-2: experience world through sense and movement, egocentric

Question 3

pre-operational

Answer 3

2-7: egocentric, animism, irreversibility, centration, no conservation

Question 4

conrete operational

Answer 4

7-12: metalinguistic awareness, lose egocentrism, decentrism, sociocentrism

Question 5

formal operations

Answer 5

12-up: abstract thinking, metacognition, hypothetico deductive reasoning

Question 6

zone of proximal development

Answer 6

a zone between what children can learn with and without help (More knowledgeable other guides development)

Question 7

strange situation type A

Answer 7

avoidant: 20, kid shows indifference when mom leaves; mom’s are indifferent about kid

Question 8

strange situation type B

Answer 8

secure: 70, kid is upset when mom leaves and calms upon return; mom’s are engaged with kid

Question 9

strange situation type C

Answer 9

ambivalent: 10, kid is upset and not easily soothed upon return; mom’s are inconsistent

Question 10

strange situation type D

Answer 10

(Main and Soloman) insecure: child has no reaction; moms are depressed or abusive

Question 11

parenting types

Answer 11

permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved

Question 12

parenting type permissive

Answer 12

allows, self-regulation, more responsive than demanding; results in aggressive and immature kids

Question 13

parenting type authoritarian

Answer 13

no communication and demanding; results in low self esteem and social skills

Question 14

parenting type authoritative

Answer 14

communication, responsive and demanding; high self esteem and social skills

Question 15

parenting type uninvolved

Answer 15

low responsiveness and demanding; results in emotionally withdrawn and anxious kids

Question 16

resilience

Answer 16

ability to bounce back from stressful, traumatic experiences

Question 17

risk factors

Answer 17

poverty, social exclusion, and unemployment

Question 18

protective factors

Answer 18

temperament, secure attachment style, SES resources, community social support

Question 19

critical period

Answer 19

an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli produces proper development

Question 20

cultural ideal hypothesis

Answer 20

Blythe (1987) boys become closer to ideal body during puberty but girls get farther away

Question 21

Kohlberg: pre-conventional

Answer 21

until age 9: morals rest in external authority figures; views actions in terms of how they will effect the individual, avoids punishment and makes trades

Question 22

Kohlberg: conventional

Answer 22

most adolescents and adults: pleases other to gain approval; conforms to stereotypes or how they believe people want them to answer and doing civic duty

Question 23

Kohlberg: post conventional

Answer 23

only 10-15%: stands apart from authority; respects laws but realizes limitations and follows universal ethics: justice, equality, etc

Question 24

social role theory

Answer 24

gender stereotypes arise from roles sexes typically occupy

Question 25

adolescence

Answer 25

a period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult

Question 26

Marcia: commitment and crisis

Answer 26

identity achievement: successful achievement of identity through consideration of possibilities

Question 27

Marcia: commitment

Answer 27

identity foreclosure: adaptation of parental or societal values, sidestepping finding out identity

Question 28

Marcia: crisis

Answer 28

identity moratorium: struggling for identity, experimenting; can be valuable if temporary

Question 29

Marcia: neither

Answer 29

identity diffusion: absence of struggle for identity

Question 30

factors in development of attachment disorder

Answer 30

parental sensitivity, infant temperament, family circumstances

Question 31

gender

Answer 31

culturally constructed distinction between femininity and masculinity; bio and social

Question 32

theory of psychosexual differentiation

Answer 32

humans are born with innate predispositions to act like males or females due to testosterone levels

Question 33

biosocial theory of gender development

Answer 33

the interaction between biological and social factors is what’s important, i.e. hormones and labeling