Respiration 2

Question 1

what is found in the hilum of the lung on the medial surface?

Answer 1

pulmonary vessels and bronchi

Question 2

locate the apex, base, costal, and medial surface of each lung.

Answer 2

apex - above clavicle
base - inferior, concave fits over convex dome of diaphragm
costal - in contact w ribs
medial - where pulmonary vessels pass into lung

Question 3

the cardiac notch is located on which lung?

Answer 3

left

Question 4

what is the pleura of the lungs?

Answer 4

double walled sac that protects the lungs

Question 5

what is the visceral pleura?

Answer 5

on the lungs.

serous membrane that adheres directly to the surface of lungs

Question 6

what is the parietal pleura?

Answer 6

serous membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Question 7

what is the pleural cavity?

Answer 7

space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes which contains pleural fluid for lubricaton

Question 8

what is pleurisy?

Answer 8

infection of pleural membranes where dry swollen membranes rub against each other during respiration

Question 9

into which intercostal space would you insert a needle at the midclavicular line?

Answer 9

6-7, 7-8

Question 10

into which intercostal space is it safe to insert a needle at the midaxillary line?

Answer 10

Rib 8-9, 9-10

Question 11

into which intercostal space is it safe to insert a needle at the midscapular line?

Answer 11

10-11, 11-12

Question 12

what is each lung supplied by?

Answer 12

primary bronchi

Question 13

what is each lobe supplied by?

Answer 13

secondary bronchi

Question 14

how many does the right lung have? left lung?

Answer 14

right: 3 lobes; superior, inferior, middle
left: 2 lobe; superior, inferior

Question 15

each lobe is further divided into what segments?

Answer 15

bronchopulmonary segments

Question 16

what is each bronchopulmonary segment supplied by?

Answer 16

tertiary bronchus
pulmonary arteriole
pulmonary venule

Question 17

why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?

Answer 17

tumors may be surgically removed without disrupting function of remaining lung tissue

Question 18

what are the qualities of alveoli?

Answer 18

small grapelike clusters of sacs where gas exchange occurs

simple squamous epithelial

surrounded by capillaries

Question 19

• what is the respiratory membrane composed of?

Answer 19

endothelium of capillary (simple squamous)

squamous cell of alveolar sac

Question 20

what is the respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 20

premature infants have inadequate supply of surfactant, which makes breathing difficult

Question 21

what type of muscle is the diaphragm made up of?

Answer 21

skeletal muscle

Question 22

which two cavities does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 22

thoracic and abdominal

Question 23

what nerve supplies the diapragm, where does it originate from?

Answer 23

phrenic nerve c3 c4 c5

Question 24

what are the 3 openings which structures of the thoracic cavity must pass to enter the abdominal cavity?

Answer 24

aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

Question 25

what type of muscle are intercostal muscles made up of?

Answer 25

skeletal muscles

Question 26

what do the internal and external layers of intercostal skeletal muscles do?

Answer 26

help alter the size of the thoracic cavity

Question 27

breathing is regulated by...?

Answer 27

nervous system and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 28

how does the nervous system help regulate breathing?

Answer 28

CNS and PNS motor neurons control contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Question 29

*which parts of the brain has input in respiratory?

Answer 29

pons and medulla | hypothalamus

Question 30

*what is the purpose of baroreceptors?

Answer 30

responds to pressure changes -> non-voluntary automatically kicks in

Question 31

where are the carotid body and aortic bodies located? what do they respond to?

Answer 31

carotid body is near bifurcation aortic bodies are near aortic arch they respond to changes in pH (due to co2 lvls)

Question 32

which nerves transmit info to the brainstem?

Answer 32

CN IX and CN X

Question 33

what does the movement of air into and out of the lungs depend on?

Answer 33

pressure difference between the air in the atmosphere and air in the lungs. air flows from high pressure to low pressure.

Question 34

what is involved in inspiration?

Answer 34

contraction of the diaphragm -> lowers/flattens dome | contraction of intercostal muscles -> elevation of ribs (up and out)

Question 35

if you are sitting, what type of expiration would you be using?

Answer 35

passive elastic recoil

Question 36

what occurs during passive elastic recoil?

Answer 36

relaxation of skeletal muscle of the diaphragm (rises) relaxation of intercostal : ribs move down and inward decreases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Question 37

how does decreasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity help expel air?

Answer 37

dec dimension -> inc pressure -> air moves out

Question 38

if you are running, what type of expiration will you be using?

Answer 38

forced expiration

Question 39

what occurs during forced expiration?

Answer 39

abdominal muscles contract and push organs upward further | decrease size of thoracic cavity to force more air out