Urinary System 1 & 2

Question 1

why is the right kidney positioned lower than the left?

Answer 1

due to positioning of the liver

Question 2

what are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 2

clears blood of waste products
regulates concentration of substances in body (water, salt, etc)
produces erythropoetin, a hormone which affects RBC production
produces renin, which influences blood pressure

Question 3

where do the renal vessels of the kidney enter and leave?

Answer 3

hilum

Question 4

what is the hilum?

Answer 4

indentation of medial side
renal vessels enter and leave
ureter (transporting urine) leaves kidney

Question 5

what are the coverings of the kidney?

Answer 5

renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia

Question 6

which is the innermost layer of the kidney?

Answer 6

renal capsule

Question 7

what type of tissue is the renal capsule made of?

Answer 7

connective tissue

Question 8

what is the renal fascia?

Answer 8

CT which anchors kidney in place.

Question 9

what makes up the internal structure of the kidneys?

Answer 9

renal cortex
renal medulla
major and minor calyces
renal pelvis

Question 10

which is the outermost region of the kidneys?

Answer 10

renal cortex

Question 11

where is the location of most of the glomeruli?

Answer 11

renal cortex

Question 12

what is the innermost region of the kidneys?

Answer 12

renal medulla

Question 13

which part of the internal kidneys contains primarily tubules and blood vessels?

Answer 13

renal medulla

Question 14

what do the major and minor calyces join to form?

Answer 14

renal pelvis

Question 15

what is the renal pelvis? where is it located?

Answer 15

dilated, uppermost portion of urete

located at the hilum

Question 16

what is the nephron responsible for?

Answer 16

formation of urine

Question 17

what does the vascular portion of the nephron consist of?

Answer 17

glomerulus

Question 18

where is the glomerulus located?

Answer 18

renal cortex (outside) between the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 19

what is the structure of the glomerulus?

Answer 19

composed of specialized endothelium in which there are spaces in between the epithelium - FENESTRATED EPITHELIUM

Question 20

what is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 20

filtrate substances from blood

Question 21

where are the peritubular capillaries located?

Answer 21

branches of the efferent arteriole

Question 22

where do the peritubular capillaries empty into?

Answer 22

kidney’s venous system

Question 23

what is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 23

site of reabsorption of water and other substances

Question 24

what does the tubular portion of the nephron consist of?

Answer 24

bowman’s capsule

Question 25

what is bowman's capsule?

Answer 25

double walled, cup shaped portion of kidney tubule surrounds the glomerulus lined with epithelium filtration slits

Question 26

what are podocytes?

Answer 26

specialized cells with extensions called foot processes

Question 27

what does the filtration barrier consist of?

Answer 27

fenestrated epithelium basement membrane thin membrane covering filtration slits

Question 28

where are the ureters located?

Answer 28

extends from renal pelvis to the bladder

Question 29

true or false; ureters are retroperitoneal

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what is the structure of the ureters?

Answer 30

mucosa muscularis layer serosa

Question 31

what is the mucosa layer of the ureters made up of?

Answer 31

transitional epithelium

Question 32

what type of connective tissue does the muscularis layer of the ureters have?

Answer 32

fibrous CT

Question 33

where is the urinary bladder located?

Answer 33

posterior to pelvic bone anterior tor rectum inferior to peritoneum

Question 34

what is the difference between the extent of an empty bladder vs a full bladder?

Answer 34

an empty bladder lies within the pelvic cavity | a full bladder lies in pelvis and extends into the abdomen. may reach level of umbilicus

Question 35

the wall of the bladder is composed of what 4 layers?

Answer 35

mucosa submucosa muscularis layer serosa

Question 36

what is the mucosa layer lined with?

Answer 36

transitional epithelium

Question 37

what is another name for the muscularis layer of the internal wall of the bladder?

Answer 37

detrusor muscle

Question 38

what is the serosa composed of?

Answer 38

connective tissue

Question 39

where is the uretha located?

Answer 39

begins at neck of bladder, ends at urethral orifice

Question 40

how long is the female urethra?

Answer 40

3 cm

Question 41

how long is the male urethra?

Answer 41

10 cm

Question 42

what are the regions of the male urethra?

Answer 42

1. prostatic urethra 2. membranous urethra 3. penile urethra

Question 43

where does the prostatic urethra pass through, what is its function

Answer 43

pass thru prostate | recieves secretions from the prostate and ejaculatory duct

Question 44

where does the membranous urethra pass through?

Answer 44

passes through urogenital diapragm

Question 45

trace blood supply from kidney to inferior vena cava.

Answer 45

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries ->venules -> renal vein -> IVC

Question 46

trace pathway of urine.

Answer 46

bowman's capsule -> proximal convoluted tube -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted tube -> collecting duct -> minor/major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra