Respiration Pathways Flashcards
1
Q
Concert of molecules working together small, stepwise reactions in a specific sequence
A
Pathways
2
Q
Anabolic and catabolic reactions sum up all reactions needed to maintain life
A
Pathways
3
Q
Energy is needed to drive endergonic reactions
A
Pathways
4
Q
An organic 6-carbon molecule
A
Glucose
5
Q
The process of extracting energy from organic molecules (like glucose)
A
Aerobic respiration
6
Q
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O —> 6CO2 + 12H2O + ATP
A
Aerobic respiration breaks down the sugar
7
Q
Organic carbon returns to its inorganic form
A
C6H12O6 is oxidized to 6CO2
8
Q
Purpose of respiration ?
A
to gradually release the energy tied up in the bonds of glucose
9
Q
What does aerobic require?
A
Oxygen
10
Q
What consists aerobic respiration?
A
4 or 5 smaller pathways
11
Q
It completely oxidizes glucose to capture cellular energy (ATP)
A
Aerobic respiration
12
Q
It occurs in organisms requiring oxygen to survive
A
Aerobic
13
Q
It occurs in the mitochondrion
A
Aerobic
14
Q
What is the name of the inner mitochondrion membrane?
A
Cristae
15
Q
What is the name of the inner compartment of the mitochondrion?
A
Matrix
16
Q
It transfers energy
A
Respiration
17
Q
It occurs in cells having mitochondria
A
Respiration
18
Q
This type of respiration is exergonic
A
Aerobic
*The overall breakdown of glucose molecules is exergonic (releases energy)
19
Q
When energy is released, oxidation reduction reactions do…. (2 things)
A
- shuffle electrons around with the help of coenzymes FAD and NAD+
- produced ATP
20
Q
ATP is produced by.. (2 things)
A
- substrate-level-phosphorylation
- chemiosmosis
21
Q
Energy potential of coenzymes used to make ATP… (2)
A
- NAD+ (oxidized form) or NADH (reduced) will provide energy to make 3 ATPs
- FAD (oxidized form) or FADH2 (reduced form) will provide energy to make 2 ATPs
22
Q
Critical factor for the maintenance of respiration.
A
The reaction is reversible, coenzymes are recycled
NAD+ NADH + H+
FAD FADH2
23
Q
What binds to NAD+ and the substrate?
A
Enzymes that use NAD+ as a cofactor for oxidation reactions
24
Q
What is binding to the enzymes that use NAD+ as a cofactor for oxidation reactions?
A
NAD+ and the substrate
25
2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH. A second proton is donated to the solution.
Oxidation-reduction reaction
26
What happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. A second electron is donated to the solution.
27
3 steps of oxidation?
1-Enzymes bind NAD+ and the susbtrate
2-2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+ froming NADH and a second proton is donated to the solution
3-NADH diffuses away and can then donate electrons to other molecules.
28
What are the 5 pathways of aerobic respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
- Chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation)
29
How many pathways make up the process of respiration?
5 small (1 in the cytoplasm and 4 in the mitochondrion)
30
What pathway occurs inthe cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
31
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondiral inner membrane
32
How are the electrons transported to the electron transport chain?
via NADH
33
What is the citric acid cycle?
Krebs cycle
34
Why can't glycolysis occur in the mitochondrion?
Too big to enter
35
Where do the electrons come from to feed the ETC?
Glycolysis
Conversion of Pyruvate
Many from Krebs
36
Does it take oxygen for glycolysis to occur?
It occurs with or without O2
37
Glycolysis occurs in 3 phases... What are they?
1- energy investment (need 2 ATP)
2- cleavage into 2-3 C molecules (2 G3P)
3- energy producing (makes 4 ATP)
38
What are the three conditions for glycolysis?
NAD+ must be present
Doesn't need oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm
39
What will NADH do?
Transfer electrons to ETC and it has the potential to make 3 ATPs
40
In the first glycolysis phase (energy investment), what happens to glucose?
Priming glucose: glucose is phosphorylated at both ends using 2 ATPs
41
In the second glycolysis phase (cleavage), what happens to the sugar?
The sugar is split into 2 3-carbon sugars called G3P
42
What are G3P?
when sugar is split into 2 * 3-carbon sugars
43
Into what is the G3P converted?
Into 2 pyruvate
44
In the third glycolysis phase (energy acquisition), energy is harvested by what?
Substrate-level-phosphorylation
45
What is substrate-level-phosphorylation?
ADP picks up phosphate from sugar producing 4 ATP
46
What are the glycolysis products per glucose?
2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH
*NO CO2 IS RELEASED
47
What happens to pyruvate when there is a presence of oxygen?
It will move into the mitochondrion to undergo aerobic respiration
48
What happens to pyruvate when there is NO presence of oxygen?
It will ferment in the cytoplasm by fermentation (a form of anaerobic respiration)
49
When no oxygen, what happens?
cell runs out of oxygen and shuts down mitochondria
50
Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotess
51
What does pyruvate do during oxidization? (3 things)
Converts 3-C pyrhuvate to 2-C acetyl
Produces 1 NADH for every pyruvate
First 2 CO2 are released from original glucose (1 per pyruvate)
52
What are the products per pyruvate?
1 CO2 given off as waste
1 NADH will make ATP in ETC
1 acetyl-CoA
*per glucose means multiply all by 2
53
What is the ratio of by pyruvate products and by glucose products?
Per glucose: multiply all pyruvate products by 2
54
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
55
This cycle completes glucose oxidation.
Krebs cycle
56
What does the Krebs cycle produce per pyruvate?
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
57
What does the Krebs cycle release per pyruvate?
2 CO2
58
After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle, glucose has been oxidized to what?
4 ATP
10 NADH (go to ETC)
2 FADH2 (go to ETC)
6 CO2 per glucose is given off as waste
59
What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
A series of membrane-bound electron carriers
60
Where is located the ETC?
in the cristae of eukaryotic cells
61
What does the ETC?
Pumps hydrogen ions into inner membrane space and accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2
62
From which phases is CO2 released?
fermentation
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle
63
Is there any CO2 coming off of glycolysis?
NO
64
What is recycled by the krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate
65
What does ETC need as the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen (O2)
66
What is the difference between net and total?
Net: cell benefits 2 ATP
Total: 4 ATP made
67
What is the energy used to pumps H+ across the membrane?
Electron energy that got lost with each transfer of electrons
68
What is established in the intermembrane space?
Proton H+ gradient
69
What type of reaction is Cellular Respiration?
Exergonic
70
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
71
What gas does cellular respiration consume? What gas does it send out as waste?
Consumes oxygen
| Sends out carbon dioxide
72
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondrion
73
What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + heat + ATP
74
What is the function of cellular respiration?
Breaks down glucose molecules and stores that energy in ATP
75
Roughly how many ATP are made in the process of cellular respiration (per molecule of glucose)?
38
76
How much energy from ATP is lost as heat?
40%
77
How much energy from ATP is used for body maintenance?
75%
78
Is oxidation a loss or gain of electrons?
Loss
79
Is reduction a loss or gain of electrons?
Gain
80
Name the enzyme that is involved in the regulation of redox reactions.
Dehydrogenase
81
What is the second stage of cellular respiration?
Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle
82
Where does citric acid cycle take place?
Matrix
83
What is the third stage of cellular respiration?
Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
84
What is the main function of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
to supply Oxidative Phosphorylation with electrons
85
The cell transfers energy by shuttling _____ from molecule to molecule.
Electrons
86
Energy released in the electron transport chain is used to pump ______ ions across a membrane.
hydrogen
87
ATP is made by adding ______ to an inorganic phosphate.
ADP
88
Oxidative ________ involved an electron transport chain and a process called chemiosmosis.
Phosphorylation
89
A sequence of electron carriers forms the electron ______ chain.
Transport
90
_______ is the loss of an electron.
Oxidation
91
A molecule such as glucose is oxidized when it ______ an electron
Loses
92
_______ is short for "oxidation-reduction"
Redox
93
Oxygen is ________ in cellular respiration.
Reduced
94
A coenzyme called ______ is used to carry electrons in redox reactions.
NAD⁺
95
Most cells make most of their ATP via a process that involves an electron transport chain and a process called ______.
Chemiosmosis
96
A ______ enzyme strips hydrogen atoms from organic molecules.
Dehydrogenase
97
ATP ______ are protein complexes hat use energy from a gradient of ion concentration to make ATP.
Synthesis
98
NADH delivers electrons to an electron ______ at the beginning of the electron transport chain.
Carrier
99
Glucose is _______ in cellular respiration.
Oxidized
100
NAD⁺ picks up electrons and hydrogen, forming _______.
NADH
101
Steps in glycolysis that produce ATP and Pyruvate.
Energy payoff phase
102
Reduced as glucose is oxidized.
NAD⁺
103
The steps in glycolysis that consume energy.
Preparatory phase
104
"Splitting of sugar"
Glycolysis
105
When an enzyme transfers a phosphate from a substrate to ADP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
106
This is not involved in glycolysis.
Oxygen
107
Fermentation enables cells to make ATP in the absence of ______
Oxygen
108
For every molecule of glucose consumed, glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of ______.
NADH
109
What are the waste products of Alcohol Fermentation?
Ethanol & carbon dioxide & NAD+
110
How many ATP does fermentation make?
2
111
This causes muscle fatigue and sorenese.
Lactic acid
112
Most* protons diffuse into the matrix through
ATP synthase
113
A membrane-bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi
ATP synthase
114
In theory, 38 ATP per glucose for _____
Bacteria
115
In theory, 36 ATP per glucose for _____
Eukaryotes
116
Regulation of respiration is by ____.
Feedback inhibition
117
In Aerobic respiration in mito: final electron receptor is _______.
Oxygen
118
In Fermentation in cytoplasm: final electron acceptor is an organic molecule like ____ and _____.
Acetaldehyde
| Pyruvate
119
It regenerates NAD+ by reducing organic molecules in the cytoplasm.
Fermentation
120
Glycolysis NEEDS ___.
NAD+
121
What happens with electrons during lactic acid fermentation?
They are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid
122
Amino acid is ______ to remove the amino group.
Deaminated
123
Amino acid is deaminated to remove the amino group and the remainder is converted to a molecule that enters glycolysis or the KRebs cyle. What is the type of reaction?
Catabolic reaction of proteins
124
Fats are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are converted to acetyl groups by b-oxidation. What is the type of reaction?
Catabolic reaction of fats
125
What prepares fat for Krebs Cycle?
Oxidation of neutral fat
