Review posters 09/05/2016

Question 1

How does starch and glycogen get into the body

Answer 1

Ingestion from food

Question 2

What is the role of alpha amylase

Answer 2

Cleaves glycosidic 1-4 bonds. However it cannot cleave 1-6 glycosidic bonds (e.g. in amylase and amylopectin)

Question 3

Where, other than the mouth, is alpha amylase produced?

Answer 3

The pancreas

Question 4

In the duodenum, which enzymes digest glycogen or starch/oligosaccherides further?

Answer 4

Oligosacheridases such as
lactase- breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
Sucrase- breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose and glucose
Isomaltase can split 1-6 bonds.

Question 5

What are oligosaccherides?

Answer 5

2-10 glucose molecules joined together (e.g. sucrose and lactose)

Question 6

How is glucose absorbed on the apical membrane?

Answer 6

Secondary active transport via SGLT1 receptors

Question 7

How is galactose absorbed on the apical membrane?

Answer 7

Secondary active transport via SGLT1 receptors

Question 8

How is fructose absorbed on the apical membrane?

Answer 8

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 1 receptors

Question 9

How do galactose, glucose and fructose get transported across the basolateral membrane?

Answer 9

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT 2 receptors.

Question 10

What does HCl do to proteins?

Answer 10

Denatures them

Question 11

Which enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach? and how does it work?

Answer 11

Pepsin cleaves internal bonds (endopeptidase). It has a preference for large neutral peptide chains and aromatic chains.

Question 12

What is pepsins optimum pH?

Answer 12

1.8-3.5

Question 13

Name the 5 enzymes secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to break down proteins. Also describe them and the products of their actions.

Answer 13

Trypsin (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Chymotrypsin (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Elastase (endopeptidase)- cleaves peptides to 2-4 amino acid chains
Procarboxypeptidase A- exopeptidase- makes single amino acids
Procarboxypeptidase B-exopeptidase-makes single amino acids.

Question 14

What is the ratio of oligopeptides to amino acids after pancreatic peptidases have got involved?

Answer 14

75% are oligopeptidases

25% are single amino acids.

Question 15

Where else are enzymes present that can digest protein?

Answer 15

Brush border and enterocyte cytoplasm.

Question 16

What do the brush border enzymes do?

Answer 16

More attracted to long chain oligosaccherides (10aa)

Question 17

What do the cytoplasmic enzymes do?

Answer 17

Break down tripeptides and dipeptides.

Question 18

How are amino acids absorbed across the apical membrane?

Answer 18

Na+ dependent transfer by secondary active transport

Question 19

How are oligosaccherides absorbed across the apical membrane

Answer 19

PepT1 by secondary active transport

Question 20

How do oligosaccherides and amino acids get across the basolateral membrane

Answer 20

Facilitated diffusion

Question 21

Describe the ECG of someone with sinus bradycardia

Answer 21

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1 seconds)

Normal QRS complexes (

Question 22

Treatment of someone with sinus bradycardia?

Answer 22

Atropine will increase the HR

Question 23

Describe the ECG of someone with sinus tachycardia

Answer 23

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1seconds)

Normal QRS complexes (

Question 24

Treatment of sinus tachycardia

Answer 24

Beta blockers

Question 25

Describe the ECG of a sinus arrhythmia.

Answer 25

Normal P waves (0.08-0.1) | Normal QRS complex (

Question 26

Treatment of sinus arrhythmia

Answer 26

No treatment

Question 27

What is SA block?

Answer 27

Blocked conduction between the sino-atrial node and the atria. The atria don't always depolarise.

Question 28

Describe the ECG of second degree SA block

Answer 28

As if a beat has been dropped. This is due to failure of the SA node to depolarise the atria and therefore the ventricles will not be depolarised either. This leads to a drop of both the P wave, T wave and QRS complex.

Question 29

Treatment of second degree SA block

Answer 29

If symptomatic- IV atropine

Question 30

Describe the ECG of third degree SA block

Answer 30

FLAT LINE- then production of an escape beat 3-4 missed beats later.

Question 31

Treatment of third degree SA block.

Answer 31

IV atropine.

Question 32

Describe the ECG of atrial fibrillation.

Answer 32

Loss of P waves. Atrial rate of 350-600bpm ventricular rate of 100-180bpm

Question 33

Treatment of a fib

Answer 33

Haemodynamically unstable- electrical cardioversion Haemodynamically stable- Beta blocker, calcium channel blocker If the patient has congestive heart failure- digitalis, diltiazem and amiodarone

Question 34

Describe the ECG of atrial flutter

Answer 34

Saw tooth appearence. Atrial rate of 250-350bpm ventricular rhythm regular

Question 35

Treatment of atrial flutter

Answer 35

Haemodynamically unstable- electrical cardioversion Haemodynamically stable- beta blockers, calcium channel blockers Congestive heart failure, digitalis, amiodarone and diltiazem.