Reviewer #11 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Mature RBC are called
A
Erythrocytes
2
Q
Carry oxygen to cells
A
Hemoglobin
3
Q
Abnormally low number of circulating RBCs, low haemoglobin concentration, or both.
A
Anemia
4
Q
Usual cause of anaemia
A
Decreased numbers of circulating RBC
5
Q
A nutritional anaemia, is most common type of anaemia
A
Iron deficiency anemia
6
Q
When anaemia results from acute or chronic bleeding its classified as
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Blood loss anemia
7
Q
What are the compensatory mechanisms that are activated to maintain the cardiac output
A
The heart rate increases and Peripheral blood vessels constrict.
8
Q
If hemorrhage continues, compensatory mechanisms become less effective, increasing the risk of
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Shock and Circulatory failure
9
Q
RBCs are of normal size and shape
A
Normocytic
10
Q
RBCs are of small size and shape
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Microcytic
11
Q
RBCs are of normal color
A
Normochromic
12
Q
RBCs are of pale
A
Hypochromic
13
Q
Key difference in acute blood loss and chronic blood loss anemia
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If iron is sufficient the hemoglobin levels may return to normal within 3 to 4 weeks in acute blood loss however in chronic it depletes the rbc storage
14
Q
Normal red blood cell development
A
Erythropoesis
15
Q
A key nutrient necessary for haemoglobin synthesis
A
Iron
16
Q
Vitamins that play a key role in RBC development
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) and B9 (Folate)
17
Q
Vitamin B12 and folic acid anaemias are sometimes called
A
Megaloblastic anemia (due to enlarged nucleated RBCs called megaloblasts)
18
Q
Malformed RBCs
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Poikilocytosis
19
Q
The usual cause of iron deficiency anaemia in adults
A
Excessive iron loss due to chronic bleeding
20
Q
The most common cause in adult females
A
Menstrual blood loss
21
Q
Failure to absorb dietary vitamin B12 is called
A
Pernicious anemia
22
Q
Pernicious anemia develops due to a lack of
A
Intrinsic factor (substance
secreted by the gastric mucosa)
23
Q
Pathognomonic sign of pernicious anemia
A
Beefy red tongue
24
Q
Altered sensations, such as numbness or tingling) in the extremities
A
Paraesthesia
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Vitamin B12 is important for
Neurological function
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Characterized by fragile, megaloblastic (large and immature) cells
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
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Alcoholics are especially at risk because
Alcohol suppresses folate metabolism
28
Difference between B12 and B9 anemia
No neurological symptoms occur with folic acid deficiency anaemia
29
Are characterised by premature destruction (lysis) of RBCs
Hemolytic anemia
30
Causes that arise from disorders within the RBC itself
Intrinsic causes
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Cause that originates outside the RBC
Extrinsic cause
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Intrinsic disorders include
Cell membrane defects
33
A hereditary, chronic haemolytic anaemia. It is characterised by of sickling
Sickle cell anemia (RBC becomes crescent shaped)
34
The disorder is transmitted as an
Autosomal recessive genetic defect
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Sickle cell anaemia can significantly shorten lifespan, with most deaths occurring due to
Infection
36
Marked by pooling of large amounts of blood in the liver and spleen
Sequestration crisis
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Inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis in which either the alpha or beta chains of the haemoglobin molecule are missing or defective.
Thalassemia
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Mediterranean descent are more
likely to have beta-defect thalassaemias called
Cooley's anemia
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One defective beta-chain forming gene may be present
Beta-thalassemia minor
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Both gene may be defective
Beta-thalassemia major
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One, two, three or all four may be defective
Alpha-thalassemia major
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People with thalassemia minor are often
Asymptomatic
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Results from haemolysis due to factors the RBC
Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
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Caused by a hereditary defect in RBC metabolism. It is relatively common in people of African and Mediterranean descent. The defective gene is located on the X chromosome and therefore affects more males than females.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydro (G6PD) anaemia
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The bone marrow fails to produce all three types of blood cells
Aplastic Anemia
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A condition where the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood is lower than normal.
Pancytopenia
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A rare aplastic anaemia caused by defects of DNA repair
Fanconi anemia
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The underlying cause of about 50% of acquired
aplastic anaemia is unknown
Idiopathic aplastic anemia
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The priority of care in treating anaemia
Ensuring adequate tissue oxygenation
50
Done to determine blood cell counts, haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell indices. The severity of the anaemia and the shape, volume and iron content of the RBCs can help determine the cause of anaemia.
Full Blood Count (FBC)
51
Performed to detect iron deficiency anaemia. A low serum iron concentration and elevated total iron-binding capacity are indicative of iron deficiency anaemia
Iron levels and total iron-binding capacity
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Low due to depletion of the total iron reserves available for haemoglobin synthesis. Ferritin is an iron-storage protein produced by the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Ferritin mobilises stored iron when metabolic needs are higher than dietary intake.
Serum ferritin
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A screening test to evaluate haemolytic
anaemia and detect HbS
Sickle cell test
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Separates normal hemoglobin from abnormal forms. It is used to evaluate haemolytic anemia, diagnose thalassemia and differentiate sickle cell trait from sickle cell disease
Haemoglobin electrophoresis
55
Measures vitamin B12 absorption before and after intrinsic factor administration to differentiate between pernicious anaemia and intestinal malabsorption of the vitamin. A 24 hour urine sample is collected following
administration of radioactive vitamin B12. Lower than normal levels of the tagged B12 when intrinsic factor is given concurrently indicate malabsorption rather than pernicious
anaemia
Schilling test
56
Done to diagnose aplastic anaemia. In aplastic anaemia, normal marrow elements are significantly decreased as they are replaced by fat cell
Bone marrow examination
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A major concern when iron dextran is given intravenously.
Anaphylaxis
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Method of injection is recommended for the intramuscular administration of iron because it decreases irritation and staining and assists
with sealing the medication in muscle tissue
Z track method
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A group of blood disorders characterised by abnormal-appearing bone marrow and cytopenia (low numbers of circulating blood cells).
Myelodysplastic syndrome
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Anaemia that does not respond to treatment
Refractory anemia
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An excess of red blood cells characterised by a hematocrit higher than 55%.
Polycythaemia, or erythrocytosis
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The two main types of polycythaemia are
Primary and Secondary
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A third type of polycythaemia which results
from a fluid volume deficit, not excess RBCs
Relative Polycythemia
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A neoplastic stem cell disorder characterised by overproduction of RBCs and, to a lesser extent, white blood cells and platelets.
Primary polycythemia
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Primary polycythemia is classified as a
Myeloproliferative disorder
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Increased numbers of RBCs in response to excess erythropoietin secretion or prolonged hypoxia. Secondary polycythaemia is the most common form of polycythaemia.
Secondary polycythaemia, or erythrocytosis
67
Difference of primary and secondary polycythemia
Spleenomegaly does not develop in secondary
68
A group of chronic malignant disorders of white blood cells and white blood cell precursors.
Leukemia
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Stem cells that have developed to the stage where they are committed to forming a particular kind of new blood cell.
Precursor cells
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All leukaemias start in the
Bone marrow
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In leukaemia, the usual ratio of red to white blood cells is
Reversed
72
Characterised by uncontrolled proliferation of myeloblasts (the precursors of granulocytes) and hyperplasia of the bone marrow and spleen
Acute myeloid leukemia
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Characterised by abnormal proliferation of all bone marrow elements
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
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CML is usually associated with a chromosome abnormality called the
Philadelphia chromosome
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Characterised by proliferation and accumulation of small, abnormal, mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and body tissues.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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Treatment of choice for some types of leukaemia
Bone marrow transplant
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Malignancies of lymphoid tissue. They are
characterised by the proliferation of lymphocytes, histiocytes (resident monocytes or macrophages) and their precursors or
derivatives
Lymphomas
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A rare lymphatic cancer, occurring most often in people between the ages of 15 and 35.
Hodgkins disease
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A diverse group of lymphoid tissue
malignancies that do not contain Reed Sternberg cells.
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas
80
A malignancy in which plasma cells multiply uncontrollably and infiltrate the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and other tissues
Multiple Myeloma
81
A platelet count of less than 150 × 109/L
of blood. It can lead to abnormal bleeding
Thrombocytopenia
82
The most common drug-induced thrombocytopenia
Heparin
83
The two types of primary thrombocytopenia are
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
84
Also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder in which platelet destruction is accelerated.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
85
A rare disorder in which thrombi occlude arterioles and capillaries of the microcirculation. Many organs are affected, including the heart, kidneys and brain
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
86
Develops as a result of an abnormal response to heparin therapy
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
87
A protein that occurs naturally in human tissues and inflammatory cells.
Heparin
88
A group of hereditary clotting factor disorders that lead to persistent and sometimes severe bleeding. Although often considered a disease of children, haemophilia may be diagnosed in adults
Hemophilia
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A disruption of haemostasis characterised by widespread intravascular clotting and bleeding. It may be acute and life threatening or
relatively mild. DIC is a clinical syndrome that develops as a complication of a wide variety of other disorders
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
90
The most common cause of DIC
Sepsis
91
Test for sickle cell anemia
Sickledex
92
Caused by loss of blood volume, resulting in fewer blood cells
Hypovolemic anemia
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Is the pigmented, iron containing portion of hemoglobin
Heme
94
Confirmation test for hypovolemic anemia is
CBC
95
Erythrocytes in the process of maturation
Reticulocytes
96
Crack at the corners of the mouth
Cheilosis
97
Erythrocyte destruction is manifested by
Jaundice due to Hyperbilirubinemia
98
Prolonged erection
Priapism
99
A predictor of Acute Chest Syndrome
Increase in secretory phospholipase
100
In sickle cell anemia the treatment is
Supportive rather than Curative
101
Confirmatory test for Pernicious anemia
Schilling test
