Reviewer #9

Question 1

Prevent acute coronary events and reduce mortality in heart failure

Answer 1

ACE Inhibitors and ARBs

Question 2

Interfere with production of angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and reduced circulating blood volume, resulting in decreased BP

Answer 2

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Question 3

ACE Inhibitor and ARBS shouldn’t be administered to

Answer 3

Women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy

Question 4

This is important when administering ACE inhibitors intravenously

Answer 4

Infusion Pump

Question 5

Following first dose of ACE and ARBs monitor BP for?

Answer 5

2 hours

Question 6

This is a less concern for ARBs but ACE inhibitors can cause?

Answer 6

Hyperkalemia

Question 7

Monitor WBC for potential?

Answer 7

Neutropenia

Question 8

Acts on different portions of the kidney tubule to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water and promote their excretion

Answer 8

Diuretics

Question 9

Diuretics promote potassium excretion, increasing the risk for?

Answer 9

Hypokalemia

Question 10

Reduces symptoms and slows down progression of heart failure

Answer 10

Spironolactone

Question 11

Spironolactone is classified as a

Answer 11

Aldosterone Receptor Blocker

Question 12

Improves myocardial contractility by interfering with ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane and increasing the amount of calcium available for contraction

Answer 12

Digoxin

Question 13

Withhold Digoxin and notify the doctor if heart rate is?

Answer 13

Below 60 BPM

Question 14

Interferes with bloodflow to and from the heart

Answer 14

Valvular Heart Disease

Question 15

Characteristic manifestation of vulvular disease

Answer 15

Murmur

Question 16

Type of mitral insufficiency that occurs when one or both mitral valve cusps billow into the atrium during ventricular systole

Answer 16

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 17

MVP cause is often?

Answer 17

Unclear or Idiopathic

Question 18

MVP usually affects people with tissue disorders such as

Answer 18

Marfan Syndrome

Question 19

MVPs symptoms is usually

Answer 19

Asymptomatic

Question 20

Most common symptom of MVP

Answer 20

Atypical chest Pain

Question 21

MVP increases the risk of

Answer 21

Bacterial Endocarditis

Question 22

Progressive worsening of regurgitation can lead to?

Answer 22

Heart Failure

Question 23

Thrombi may form on prolapsed valve leaflets; embolization may caused

Answer 23

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)

Question 24

Used routinely to diagnose vulvular dosease

Answer 24

Echocardiography

Question 25

Used to assess contractility and to determine the pressure gradients across the heart valves

Answer 25

Cardiac Catheterization

Question 26

Added to prevent clot and embolus formation, a common complication of atrial fibrillation as blood pools in the non contracting area

Answer 26

Anticoagulant Therapy

Question 27

Invasive procedure performed in Cath lab and also the treatment of choice in symptomatic MVP

Answer 27

Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

Question 28

A general term for reconstruction or repair of a heart valve

Answer 28

Valvuloplasty

Question 29

Three factors determine the outcome of Valve replacement surgery

Answer 29

1. Heart function at the time of surgery 2. Intraoperative and Postoperative care 3. Characteristics and durability of replacement valve

Question 30

Disorders that affect the heart muscle itself

Answer 30

Cardiomyopathies

Question 31

These cardiomypathy is idiopathic

Answer 31

Primary Cardiomyopathy

Question 32

Occur because of other processes, such as ischemia, infectious disease, exposure to toxins, connective tissue disorders, metabolic disorders or nutrition deficiency

Answer 32

Secondary Cardiomyopathy

Question 33

Used to assess cardiac output and pressures in the cardiac chambers and pulmonary vesicular system

Answer 33

Hemodynamic Studies

Question 34

Help identify changes in ventricular volume and mass, as well as perfusion deficits

Answer 34

Radionuclear Scans

Question 35

Definitive treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 35

Cardiac transplant

Question 36

Transplantation is not a viable option for

Answer 36

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 37

Used to support cardiac output until a donor heart is available

Answer 37

Ventricular Assist Devices

Question 38

Is inserted to treat potential lethal arrhythmias

Answer 38

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

Question 39

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Answer 39

Myocarditis

Question 40

Myocarditis occurs at any age and is more common in

Answer 40

Men

Question 41

Myocarditis is a common complication of

Answer 41

Rheumatic fever and Endocarditis

Question 42

Myocarditis can also be an adverse effect of a common antipsychotic

Answer 42

Clozapine

Question 43

Classic manifestations of acute pericarditis

Answer 43

Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and fever

Question 44

This position reduces the discomfort by moving the heart away from the diaphragmatic side of the lung pleura

Answer 44

Sitting upright and leaning forward

Question 45

A rapid build up of pericardial fluid does not allow the sac to stretch and can compress the heart this is known as

Answer 45

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 46

Hallmark sign of cardiac tamponade is

Answer 46

Paradoxical Pulse or Pulsus Paradoxus

Question 47

Scar tissue formation between the pericardial layers

Answer 47

Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis

Question 48

Neck veins are distended and may be particularly noticeable during inspiration

Answer 48

Kussmauls sign

Question 49

Done to remove fluid from the pericardial sac and is also an emergency procedure to a person with cardiac tamponade

Answer 49

Pericardiocentesis

Question 50

Tension or pressure exerted by blood against arterial walls

Answer 50

Blood Pressure

Question 51

Are released from atrial cells in response to stretching by excess blood volume

Answer 51

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic peptide

Question 52

Peptide synthesized and released by endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels. A potent vasodilator

Answer 52

Adrenomedullin

Question 53

Promotes water retention and vasoconstriction, resulting in rise of bp

Answer 53

Vasopressin and Antidiuretic

Question 54

Persistently elevated systemic blood pressure

Answer 54

Primary Hypertension or Essential Hypertension

Question 55

Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

Answer 55

Aneurysm

Question 56

Allows vessel recoil, during which the vessel returns to its original size following systole

Answer 56

Elastin

Question 57

Provides tensile strength of the vessel, preventing excessive dilation.

Answer 57

Collagen

Question 58

Caused by slow weakening of the arterial wall due to long term, eroding effects of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

Answer 58

True Aneurysm

Question 59

Spindle shaped and tapered at both ends

Answer 59

Fusiform aneurysm

Question 60

Involves the entire diameter of a vessel

Answer 60

Circumferential Aneurysm

Question 61

Also known as traumatic aneurysms

Answer 61

False Aneurysm

Question 62

Developed when a break or tear in the tunica intima and media allows blood to invade or dissect the layers of blood vessel wall

Answer 62

Dissecting Aneurysm

Question 63

Usually result from weakening of the aortic wall by arteriosclerosis and hypertension.

Answer 63

Thoracic aortic Aneurysm

Question 64

are associated with arteriosclerosis and hypertension.

Answer 64

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 65

due to decreased blood flow to the lower extremity and include intermittent claudication (cramping or pain in the leg muscles brought on by exercise and relieved by rest), rest pain, and numbness.

Answer 65

popliteal aneurysm

Question 66

usually is detected as a pulsating mass in the femoral area.

Answer 66

Femoral aneurysm

Question 67

is a life-threatening emergency caused by a tear in the intima of the aorta with hemorrhage into the media.

Answer 67

Aortic dissection

Question 68

Thoracic aortic Aneurysm may be treated with

Answer 68

Long term beta blockers therapy and antihypertensive drugs

Question 69

An occlusive vascular disease in which small and mid-size arteries become inflamed and spastic, causing clots to form

Answer 69

Thromboangiitis Obliterans or Buergers disease

Question 70

Characterized by intense episodes of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of fingers and toes

Answer 70

Reynauds disease or Reynauds phenomenon

Question 71

Reynauds disease is called the

Answer 71

Blue white red disease

Question 72

Condition in which a blood clot forms on the wall of the vein

Answer 72

Venous thrombosis or Thrombophlebitis

Question 73

Pain in the calf when foot is dorsiplexed

Answer 73

Positive homans sign

Question 74

Performed when thrombi obstruct the femoral or iliac vein, potentially causing pulmonary embolism or gangrene.

Answer 74

Venous thrombectomy

Question 75

When anticoagulation is unsuitable, a filter (e.g., Greenfield filter) is inserted into the vena cava to trap emboli while maintaining vena cava patency.

Answer 75

Recurrent thrombosis

Question 76

Non-invasive, measures blood flow velocity in veins.

Answer 76

Duplex Venous Ultrasonography

Question 77

Non-invasive, detects changes in venous blood flow.

Answer 77

Plethysmography

Question 78

Non-invasive option to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Answer 78

MRI

Question 79

Invasive, uses contrast medium to identify thrombus location and extent.

Answer 79

Ascending contrast venography

Question 80

Cramping pain in feet or arms

Answer 80

Claudication