schizophrenia Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
What are the two different types of classifications which diagnose schizophrenia
A
- ICD-10
- DSM-4
2
Q
In the DSM-4, when is a diagnosis in schizophrenia given
A
When there is one positive schizophrenia
3
Q
In the ICD-10 , When is a diagnosis in schizophrenia given
A
When there is two negative schizophrenia
4
Q
Is hallucinations positive or negative.
A
positive
5
Q
What are hallucinations?
A
Sensory experiences,
6
Q
Is delusions positive or negative.
A
positive
7
Q
What are delusions?
A
Beliefs that have no basis in reality
8
Q
Is speech poverty positive or negative.
A
negative
9
Q
What is Speech Poverty
A
The reduced frequency and quality of speech.
10
Q
Is Avolition positive or negative.
A
Negative
11
Q
what is Avolition?
A
it involves the lack of motivation.
12
Q
Good reliability of identification of schizophrenia
A
reliability equals consistency, psychiatric diagnosis is reliable when someone else will diagnose the same
13
Q
Low validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis
A
are we assess what we are looking to asses, criterion validity, . Two psychologists independently assess 100 patients, 68 diagnosed on ICD, and 39 of the DSM.
14
Q
comorbidity limitation of schizophrenia diagnoses.
A
Co-morbidity is when conditions occur at the same time. Half of schizophrenics are diagnosed with depression or substance abuse.
15
Q
The genetic basis of schizophrenia: Family studies
A
The genetic similarity of families. Gottesman- 2% with an aunt, 9% of the sibling and 48% with identical twin.
16
Q
Candidate Genes
A
schizophrenia is polygenic, Ripke, genetic makeup with 37,000 different people finding that 108 genes.
17
Q
the role of mutation in schizophrenia
A
positive correlation with paternal age and risk of schizophrenia,
18
Q
The Original dopamine hypothesis
A
discovered that Antipsychotics caused parkinsons symptoms which is due to low dopamine, may be due to higher DA in the sub cortical area.
19
Q
Updated version of dopamine hypothesis
A
abnormally low DA in the brain cortex, Prefrontal cortex.
20
Q
Schizophrenicgenic mother
A
cold, rejecting and controlling mother causes paranoia
21
Q
Double bind theory- schizophrenia
A
communication style, fear of doing something wrong, mixed messages. Punished with withdrawal of love
22
Q
Expressed emotion- schizophrenia
A
Negative emotion, verbal criticism, hostility, emotionally over involvement.
23
Q
Dysfunctional thinking
A
disruption to normal thought processing
24
Q
Metarepresentation dysfunctional
A
the ability to reflect on thoughts and feelings is disrupted.
25
Central control dysfunction
issues to suppress automatic responses
26
what is the most common treatment for schizophrenia
Anti psychotics
27
What do anti psychotics do
These reduce psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions by affecting neurotransmitters.
28
Typical antipsychotics
Work as dopamine antagonists, blocking dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms.Support the dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia linked to excess dopamine). Also have sedative effects. Dosage often starts low and is gradually increased up to ~1000 mg/day.
29
Atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine is an example:Initially withdrawn due to fatal side effects, later reintroduced with monitoring.Affects dopamine and serotonin receptors.Can improve mood and reduce depression/suicidal thoughts
30
what does CBT aim to do with schizophrenia
Aims to change irrational thoughts and behaviours (e.g. delusions, hallucinations).
31
how does CBT help schizophrenia
Challenges irrational beliefs, helping reduce distress and improve function.Teaches that voice-hearing is just an extension of internal thoughts, not something to fear.Delusions are tested with the therapist for alternative explanations.
32
What is family therapy in schizophrenia
Involves the identified patient and family, aiming to improve communication and reduce tension.
33
How does family therapy help with schizophrenia?
Reduces expressed emotion (EE): Lowers levels of hostility and criticism, reducing relapse risk.Improves communication: Encourages supportive discussions and setting goals as a family.Helps relatives support the patient while managing their own wellbeing.
34
Practise of family therapy.
Developed by Pharoah et al. (2000):
Phase 1: Build relationships
Phase 2: Identify roles and expectations
Phase 3: Improve communication
Phase 4: Set limits and coping strategies
35
How is token economy systems used in psychiatric hospitals
Used in psychiatric hospitals to manage maladaptive behaviours in schizophrenia by reinforcing desirable behaviour through rewards (tokens).
Most often used with patients who have long-term hospital stays.
36
who developed token economies and what is it
Ayllon and Azrin (1968) showed that token economies could increase desirable behaviours in schizophrenic patients by rewarding them with tokens.
Tokens were given for completing tasks and could be exchanged for privileges.
Use has declined in the UK due to ethical issues and reduced use of long-term hospitals but remains common elsewhere.
37
why may toke economies be used and what does it aim to do.
Institutionalisation can cause:
Personal care decline
Lack of motivation (apathy)
Poor social behaviour
Token economies aim to:
Improve quality of life in hospital, e.g., helping someone regain pride in appearance.
Encourage independent living by normalising behaviour like dressing or tidying up.
38
how does token economies work
Tokens (e.g. coloured discs) are immediately given after a desired behaviour.
Tokens are secondary reinforcers (get their power through being exchanged for primary reinforcers like privileges or treats).
Behavioural goals are tailored to each person’s needs.
Based on operant conditioning: tokens reinforce target behaviours by rewarding them.
39
What is the internationalist approach
Recognises the combined effects of biological, psychological, and social factors in the development of schizophrenia.
40
Diathesis stress model
Explains schizophrenia as the result of both:
Diathesis (a genetic or biological vulnerability)
Stress (triggering life events or psychological stressors)
41
Treatments using interventionist approach
Combination of biological and psychological treatments is best.
Most commonly: antipsychotic drugs + CBT
In the UK: Common to use both treatments.
In the US: More likely to use only medication due to different healthcare systems.
42
universality
Universality: Psychological theories aim to apply to everyone.
43
types of gender bias
This leads to gender bias, especially when:
Differences are exaggerated → alpha bias
Differences are minimised or ignored → beta bias
44
Androcenterism
Male-centered perspective: Male behaviour is the norm; female behaviour is deviant or misunderstood.
45
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of your own culture
46
Cultural relativism
The view that behaviour can only be understood within its cultural context.
47
FREE WILL
Suggests we are self-determining and can make choices freely.
48
DETERMINISM
The view that behaviour is shaped by internal or external forces.
Assumes behaviour is predictable and follows laws of cause and effect.
49
Types of determinism
Hard Determinism
Behaviour is completely determined by forces beyond our control (no free will).
Supports the idea of fatalism.
Soft Determinism
Introduced by William James.
Suggests behaviour is constrained by forces but we still have some freedom in conscious decision-making.
50
Causal explanations
Science aims to discover causal laws.
Psychology tries to predict and control behaviour using scientific principles.
Lab experiments help identify causal relationships by controlling variables.
51
What does the nature–nurture debate focus on?
Whether human behaviour is more influenced by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture).
52
What is the modern view of the nature–nurture debate?
Behaviour is influenced by an interaction of both nature and nurture.
53
What is the interactionist approach?
An approach that considers how nature and nurture interact to influence behaviour.
54
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Explains behaviour as a result of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental trigger (stress).
55
How does the diathesis-stress model apply to OCD?
A person may inherit a genetic predisposition for OCD but only develop it after a traumatic event.
56
What is epigenetics?
A process where environmental influences affect gene expression without changing the genetic code itself.
57
How do epigenetic changes affect future generations?
Epigenetic marks can be passed on, meaning offspring may inherit the effects of their ancestors' experiences.
58
What is the nature side of the debate?
The idea that behaviour is shaped by biological inheritance and genetics (heredity).
59
What is the nurture side of the debate?
The belief that behaviour is shaped by environmental influences and experiences.
60
What is holism in psychology?
The belief that behaviour should be viewed as a whole system rather than as individual parts.
61
Which approach is most associated with holism?
The humanistic approach.
62
What research methods do holistic psychologists often use?
Qualitative methods to explore individuals' subjective experiences.
63
What is reductionism in psychology?
Analyzing behaviour by breaking it down into its simpler components, based on parsimony.
64
What does the principle of parsimony state?
Phenomena should be explained using the simplest (lowest-level) principles.
65
Q: What are the 6 levels of explanation for OCD?
Socio-cultural: interrupts social relationships
Psychological: person’s experience of anxiety
Physical: repetitive behaviours like hand-washing
Environmental/behavioural: learned experiences
Physiological: abnormal brain function
Neurochemical: low serotonin levels
66
What does it mean when we say levels of explanation form a hierarchy?
Lower levels (biological) underpin higher levels (social/psychological).
67
What is biological reductionism?
Explaining behaviour in terms of biological structures, genes, or neurochemistry.
68
What is an example of biological reductionism?
Explaining OCD by low serotonin levels.
69
What is environmental (stimulus–response) reductionism?
Explaining behaviour through learned associations between stimuli and responses.
70
Idiographic
focuses on individuals
71
Nomathetic
trys to apply general laws
72
sexual selection
The selection of characteristics with aid successful reproduction.
73
Anisogamy
The difference between male and female sex cells
74
Male gametes are..
small, highly mobile and created continuously
75
Female gametes are...
large, static, and produced at intervals
76
inter-sexual selection
Between the sexes, the strategies that males use to select females.
77
Sexy sons hypothesis
Females who mate with a men who have a certain characteristic, so that it is passed down to the sons
78
Intra-sexual selection
Within sexes, Males to be selected by the females, quality over quantity,
79
Biological vs Social gender bias
Biological findings (e.g. Macoby & Jacklin, brain scans) are often used to explain gender differences.
These findings may reinforce stereotypes, e.g. boys as doers, girls as speakers.
Counterpoint: Biological effects may exist, but they could be overstated or shaped by social context.
Conclusion: Be cautious not to overemphasise biology and ignore social influences.
80
Sexism in Research
Psychology research has been male-dominated, leading to gender bias.
Women underrepresented in some areas (e.g. universities, participants).
This bias can affect research outcomes and expectations (e.g. women seen as less rational).
81
Gender-Biased Research
Studies challenging gender bias may be less likely to be published (Formanowicz et al.).
When published, they are often in less prestigious journals.
This can lead to underrepresentation of female-focused topics in high-impact research.
82
Classic Studies
Foundational research (e.g. Asch, Milgram) often based on Western participants.
Results may not generalise to collectivist cultures which show different behaviours (e.g. more conformity).
Counterpoint: Globalisation may be reducing cultural differences, making these issues less relevant today.
83
Cultural Psychology
Emphasises how culture shapes behaviour, perception, and identity.
Aims to avoid ethnocentric assumptions by studying behaviour within cultural context.
Conclusion: Encourages researchers to be more culturally aware and inclusive.
84
Ethnic Stereotyping
Cultural bias can lead to harmful stereotypes (e.g. IQ tests favouring white Americans).
Research like Gould’s highlighted how systematic cultural bias in testing can disadvantage ethnic minorities.
Conclusion: Psychology must recognise and avoid ethnocentric methods.
85
Free Will vs Determinism
Practical Value
Belief in free will can improve mental health and give people a sense of control.
Those who believe in determinism may feel less responsible for their actions.
86
Free Will vs Determinism
Research Evidence
Libet et al. showed brain activity before conscious awareness of decision-making.
Supports determinism (brain decides before person is aware).
Counterpoint: Some say it only shows timing, not whether decisions are truly free or determined.
87
Free Will vs Determinism
The Law
Hard determinism conflicts with legal responsibility.
Legal systems assume people have free will and are responsible for actions.
If determinism were accepted, moral and legal accountability might collapse.
88
Holism and reductionist
Practical value
Lack of practical value, holistic accounts are more complex, From humaistic approach, there are multiple causes for depression, unable to to tell which is more influential.
89
Holism and reductionist
Scientific approach
reductionist approach often form scientific approaches,
90
Holism and reductionist
Higher value
only some behaviors can be understood at a higher level, some social behaviors can be understood in individuals.
91
Idiographic approach
complete account
Idiographic approach contributes to the nomothetic approach, Idiographic approach is an indepth investigation,
92
Idiographic and Nomothetic
Scientific approach
Fit in the aims in science, natural sciences- nomothetic....
93
Idiographic and nomothetic
Losing the person
loss of understanding
94
issues in diagnosis
good reliability
reliabilty in diagnoisis is if people give a person the same diagnosis,DSM = +0.97
95
Issues in diagnosis
low validity
68 were diagnosed on ICD, 39 under DSM.
96
Issues in diagnosis
Comorbidity
schizophrenia is co morbid with depression and substance abuse
97
issues in diagnosis
Gender bias
women are more under diagnosisde
98
Issues in diagnosis
cultural bias
African american men are more likely to be diagnosed
99
Issues in diagnosis
symptom overlap
bipolar disorder overlap with schizophrenia due to delusions and avoliton
100
The genetic basis of schizophrenia
Research support
Family studies - Gottesman- risk increases with genetic similarity. Hilker concordance rates of 33 for identical twins and 7" for non-identical twins
101
The genetic basis of schizophrenia
Environmental factors
biological factors include birth complications and drugs, psychological is childhood trauma,
102
Neural basis of schizophrenia
evidence for dopamine
amphetamines increase DA worsens symptom, anti psychotics reduce DA and reduces symptoms
103
Neural explanation for schizophrenia-
Glutamete
Post mortem scans have shown raised levels of Glutamete.
104
Family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia.
Research support
Read- schizophrenia linked to Type C or type D.
69% women and 59% men have history of trauma
105
Family dysfunction explanations for schizophrenia
not systematic explanations, and these are informal assessments and clinical evidence
106
Cognitive explanation for schizophrenia
Research support
Stirling- 30 schizophrenia/ control - color word reading, Schizopherics took longer to read
107
Cognitive explanations for schizophrenia
proximal explanation
proximal - what is happening now to cause symptoms-m
108
Drug Therapies for schizophrenia
Evidence for effectiveness
Thornley, 13 trials, 1121 participants, Atypical was more effective then placebo
109
Drug therapies for schizophrenia
serious side effects
typical- dizziness,
110
Drug therapies for schizophrenia
mechanism unclear
Dopamine hypothesis is not a whole explanation,
111
CBT on schizophrenia
evidence on effectiveness
Jauhar reviewed studies, 34, small and significant effects on both symptoms, Pontillo found reduction in auditory symptoms
112
CBT on schizophrenia
Quality of evidence
Thomas, different studies have a combination of treatments
113
Family therapy on schizophrenia
evidence on effectivness
McFarlane- most consistency effective, relapse arets were 50%-60% NICE recomends
114
Family studies on schizophrenia
benefits to whole family
therapy is also beneficial to family not just individual, mainly because families provide the bulk of the care, , strengthening the family, lessens the negative impact.
115
token economies on schizophrenia
effectiveness
Glowacki- mental illnesses in hospitals, lessens the negative symptoms.
116
Token economies on schizophrenia
Ethical issues
gives professionals ability to control behaviors,
117
Token economies on schizophrenia
Alternative approaches
comparable evidence that do not have ethical issues, chiang, art therapy, recommended for NICE
118
Internationalist approach on schizophrenia
vulnerability and triggers
Tienari- 19000 FINISH CHILDREN whos biological mothers were diagnosed with schizophrenia, this genetic risk groups levels of criticism, hostility and empathy were associated.
119
Interactionalist approach on schizophrenia
diathesis model
diathesis is shown as one schizophrenic gene, but there is more then one, stress also comes in more then one type,
120
interactionist approach on schizophrenia
real world application
tarrier , 315 participants, medication+ cBT, counselling and meds and control, two combinations were most effective.
121
Genetic factors on aggression - twin studies
physical aggression- 50% MZ and 19% DZ, verbal aggression - 28% MZ twins and DZ was 7%
122
Genetic factors on aggression
Adoption studies
Rhee and waldman, meta analysis of adoption studies, genetic variations are at 41%
123
Genetic variation of aggression - MAOA gene
MAOA gene regulates seritonin, the low MAOA gene has a more of a link to aggressive behavior.
124
Genetic variation of aggression- GxE interactions
MAOA-L realted to adult aggression when combined with trauma - Frazzeto higher levels of ASB with the MA0A-L significant trauma
125
The Limbic system in aggression
Limbic system is they hypothalamus, amygdala and Hippocampus, The amygdala detects aggressive behavior.
126
The orbitofrontal cortex and serotonin in aggression.
Seritonin, normal levels in the orbitofrontal cortex linked with firing neurons which is associated with self control, reduced serotonin= reduced self control
127
Testosterone in aggression
Testosterone is linked to aggression as males are seen to be more aggressive. Castration animals where the testes are removed reduced aggression. Dolan positive correlation
128
Progesterone in aggression
Ziomkiewisz, negative correlation between progesterone levels and self reported agression.
129
Neural explanations of aggression
other brain structures
Limbic structures work together with orbitofrontal cortex, COCCARO, OFC has reduced activity,
130
Neural explanations of aggression
Drugs and serotonin
Drugs that increase serotonin reduce aggression, Berman gave participants placebo or paroxetine. they played game, the PAROCETINE group group gave less electric shocks
131
Hormonal explanations
agression
Animal research
Giammanco review study of testosterone, male rheus monkeys, In mating season there is an increase of Testosterone
132
Hormonal explanations aggression
Dual hormone hypothesis
Carre and mehta, testosterone is only influential when cortisol is low,
133
Genetic factors on aggression
research support
Mertins men with the different MAOA genes did a game, men with the higher MAOA experience more cooperative behaviors then the MAOA-L
134
Genetic explanations on aggression
complex link
MAOA- L genes cause low activity meaning the level of serotonin should be high, better to say the serotonin is disrupted.
135
Genetic explanations on aggression
problems with twin studies
Dz and MZ environments
136
Ethological explanations of aggression - adaptive functions
ethological says aggression is adaptive. Aggression is a benefit to survive, another adaptive function is dominance hierarchies - assess to extra resources
137
Ethological explanations of aggression - innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action potential
Innate releasing mechanisms in built psychological process or structure, environmental stimulus triggers the IRM which releases a specific stimulus, the sequence is a FAP
138
Features of a FAP, aggression
stereotyped, universal,unaffected by learning, Ballistic, Single purpose,
139
Tinbergen aggression procedure
male stickle backs are highly territorial, they develop red spots on stomach, if one enters territory FAP is triggered, Sign stimulus is belly,
140
Tinbergen aggression findings
regardless of shape the red underbelly aggression was displayed
141
Evolutionary explanations on aggression
sexual jealousy
Jealousy occurs in men but not women, as men cant be sure if the child is theirs, if it isn't its a waste of resource,
142
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
male retention strategies
Wilson and Daly, direct guarding,male vigilance over partners behavior, Negative inducements threats with dire consequences.
143
Evolutionary explanations psychical violence against partner
Wilson asked women to report male retention strategies, 73% requires medical attention, and 53% feared for there life, supports physical violence as a retention strategy
144
Evolutionary explanation male bullying on aggression
Volk, the characteristics of a bullying is attracted to female, ward of potential rivals, Bullying naturally selected,
145
the original hypothesis of the frustration hypothesis
Dollard, frustration always lead to aggression, aggression is always the result of aggression. Aggression is a drive. we experience frustration when goals aren't met, creating aggressive drive, removing negative emotion is catharsis,
the frustration comes from abstract, may be too powerful, Unavailable
146
Evolutionary explanations- the weapon effect
Berkowitz frustration merely creates readiness for aggression aggressive cues in the environment make acting on the frustration more likely, Participants were given real electric shocks by confederate, the shocks were greater when in presence of a weapon
147
Frustration aggression model research
GEEN, uni students doing a jigsaw, their a frustration experimentally manipulated, one was manipulated so it was impossible to solve,0thers ran out of time because of interference, and the third with insulting confederates. 3 2 1 was in order of stronger shocks.
148
social learning on aggression
Direct and indirect aggression
bandura SLT,Direct reinforcement makes it more likely a child will repeat behaviour, observational learning accounts for social learning of most aggressive behaviors
149
SLT on aggression, vicarious reinforcement
describe process
150
cognitive conditions of learning in aggression
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
151
Self efficacy- social explanations- aggression
the extent we believe our
actions will achieve a desired goal, this grows as a person gets there reward
152
Bandura- social explanations of aggression
method
153
Deindivdualisation explanation for aggression, crowd behavior
de-indivudualisation is concept from Le Bon, WHEN WE CAN be easily identified our behaviors are constrained, when in a crowd we lose the restraint.
154
Deinduvidualisation in aggression- zimbardo
individualisation- rational and normative. de individualisation is impulsive, irrational and disinbited,
155
Reduced self awareness- aggression
Dunn and Rodgers, private self awareness- how we pay attention to our own feelings and behaviors, Public self awareness- how much we care about others think about our behaviors.
156
De-individualisation research on aggression
229 undergraduates, if they could do anything what they would do. 36% would do something antisocial behaviors.26% criminal acts and 9% prosocial
157
Institutional aggression importation model- dispositional explanation
Iwrin and Cressey, prisons aren't completely insulated from the outside world. Prisoners bring in subcultures of crime. includes beliefs, norms and attitudes, violence represents there lives before prison.
158
Dispositional explanations of aggression- prisoner characteristics linked to outcomes
DeLisi studied group of juveniles, thee characteristics were imported, negative inmates were more likely to identify in misconduct.
159
aggression situational explanations- the deprivation model
Clemmer- aggression is due to the environment. Harsh conditions are stressful for inmates, so resort to aggressive behaviors, Due to resources, unpredictable lock ups create frustration.
160
excessive TV viewing on aggression
Robertson, TV viewing of 1000 new Zealand viewers at regular intervals up to the age of 26 years, adolescence viewing time had a link to aggressive behaviour in later life, also with social interaction and poorer educational achievement.
161
violent film content on aggression
Bandura- replicated but it was a film of an adult, the outcome was similar.
162
Tv/Film effects not strong on aggression
PAIK and comstock carried out meta analysis of about 200 studies, significant positive correlation.
163
Computer games on aggression
the players play passive role, directly reward it. Bartholomew and Anderson violent games, higher white noise. DeLisi well established
164
Desensitization
reduced sensitivity to a stimuli making aggression more likely. Earls- straw dogs which has graphic violent scenes, the participants either watched non-violent or a reinactment
165
Disinihibition
A lack of restraint, may be due to environment or exposure to stimuli
166
Cognitive priming
The way that thinking is triggered by cues or scripts
167
self disclosure is....
the revealing of private information. Partners reveal more about themselves, strengthens bond
168
Social penetration theory
Altman and Taylor, gradual process of revealing information about themselves. Reciprocal exchange. one person reveals information and the other must reveal more information they penetrate more into each others life
169
Breadth and depth relationships
as both of these increase partners become more committed to each other. we disclose a lot about ourselves at the start of a relationship, this is low risk information. As the relationship increases self disclosure becomes deeper,this is intimate information
170
Reciprocity of self disclosure - self disclosure
Reis and Shaver for relationship develops the breadth and depth needs to be reciprocal.
171
Physical attractiveness- importance
sexual selection. Shackleford and Larsen people with symmetrical faces are rated as more attractive, genetic fitness.
172
Physical attractiveness- Halo effect
Pre conceived ideas on physical attractiveness- almost universally positive. widely accepted view of attractive people.
173
Psychical attractiveness- research on the matching hypothesis, procedure
male and female and students were invited to a dance, they were rated by objective observers at the start and completed questionnaire about themselves, computer randomly matched them
174
Psychical attractiveness- research on the matching hypothesis, findings
most liked partners were the most physically attractive. Berschield replicated people matched themselves with people who matched with them
175
Filter theory
Kerchoff and Davis compare attitudes and personalities in short term and long term relationship. Filter theory makes field of available into desirable.
social demography includes Geographical location, social class, level of education, ethnicity, religion.
similarity of attitudes- share beliefs and values
Complementary- need to complement each other
176
Social exchange theory
Thibult and Kelley, economical assumptions, minimise losses and maximum gains.
Comparison levels- the amount of reward you believe you deserve, develops over experience and social norms .
comparison levels of alternatives-do we believe we can get higher rewards from others.
177
Stages of a relationship- SET
sampling stage- explore new rewards and costs
Bargaining- start of a relationship, start exchanging rewards
commitment- predictable become more stable as rewards increase.
Institutionalization- settled
178
Equity- the role of equity
Walster- the profit is roughly the same. where there is a partner over benefiting and the other under benefited. Underbenifited partners feel more dissatisfaction. and over benefited more guilt
179
equity and equality- consequences of inequality
partner who perceives becomes distressed and dissatisfied. the greater the perceived equality the greater the dissatisfaction, perceived inequality makes us feel the most dissatisfied. Underbenifited partners try to make it more equal.
180
RUSBULTS INVESTMENT MODEL
-FACTOR 1- SATISFACTION- based of comparison level. profit and rewards
-FACTOR 2- CLaT
Alternatives
-FACTOR 3- INVESTMENT
things we would lose if the relationship ends. Intrinsic investment- things we put in directly. Extrintic-closely associated which weren't done before
181
Rusbult investment model- commitment
commitment is the main psychological factor with satisfaction as a contributor
182
DUCKS PHASE MODEL
Intrapsychic-private thoughts
Dyadic- talk about the relationship, confrontations,
Social phase- taking bout it with other people-
Grave dressing-spin the story to make them seem good
183
Virtual relationships- reduced cues theory
Sproull and Keisler, virtual relationships are less effective then Ftf relationships. because they lack cues. they don't use non verbal cues,
184
Virtual relationships- The hyper personal model
Walther, can be more personal and intense as it leads to greater self disclosure, sender has greater control over messages. Reinforces self-presentation through positive feedback.
185
Gating in virtual relationships
cant see things that may effect relationships. will be free to be there true selves
186
Parasocial relationship levels
Entertainment social- sources of entertainment.
Intense personal- frequent obsessive thoughts,
borderline pathological- uncontrollable fantasies, extreme behaviours
187
Parasocial relationships
absorption addiction
McCutcheon- absorption-seeking fullfilment, and identify with celebrity
addiction- gain satisfaction from celebrity
188
Ethological explanations
research support
(Aggression)
Brunner, MAOA-L was closely associated with aggression, Twins and adoption studies also showed genetic factors.
189
Ethological explanations
Ritualistic aggression
(Aggression)
GOODALL, chimps that killed all of the members of the group. Was not ritualistic.
190
Ethological explanations
FAP's are not fixed
(Aggression)
HUNT- FAPS are influenced by environment duration of the behaviour varies from one to another individual. they are modifiable, modal behavioral patterns.
191
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
Gender difference
Campbell it is not adaptive for female with children to be aggressive because it would put survival at risk.verbal aggression instead of physical
192
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
Cultural differences
kung san people of Botswana were studies by Thomas who called them harmless people, as there aggressive behaviors are discouraged. Cultural norms
193
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
Real world application
reduce bullying,Ellis bullying is adaptive, Prosocial behaviors are encouraged by anti bullying interventions
194
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
Frustration-Hypothesis mdel
Marcus Newhall meta analysis of 49 studies, behaviour had to directed against humans targets instead of the one who caused the frustration. People were more likely to displace onto the target in comparison to the non-provoked
195
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
Role of Catharsis
Bushman participants that vented anger by punching a bag became more aggressive. doing nothing and venting reduced aggression.
196
Evolutionary explanations of aggression
frustration-aggression link
Frustration doesn't always lead to aggression,
197
Social learning theory
aggression
Research support
Poulin and Boulvin, kids between 9-12 had also had aggressive friends, they mutually reinforce each others behaviour,
198
Social learning theory
aggression
Real world application
children readiliy imitate, when they observe a reward, one way to reduce is to show a non-aggressive model
199
Social learning theory
aggression
Biological influences
Bandura, instinct in nature, underplayed
200
Deindividualistion
aggression
research support
Douglas and McCarthy, aggression in chatrooms, correlation between anonymity and aggression, online trolls
201
Deindividualistion
aggression
real world
Mann investigated suicide jumpers, he identified 21 cases where a crowed tempted the jumper to jump. De-individualization
202
Deindividualistion
aggression
Role of Norms
we go against social norms when not aware of private identity. spears and martins de-individualization shows people are more likely to conform
203
