Science Exam 2 Flashcards by Cara Reiff

One of water’s properties is being polar, which means

partial positive and partial negative charge (uneven sharing of electrons)

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Another property of water is that it is a solvent, which means

it can dissolve things easily

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water moves ______ around

energy

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Another property of water is that it exhibits _______ and _______ forces

cohesive and adhesive

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Cohesion is…

water molecules seek to stick together due to hydrogen bonding (think about how water droplets run into one another because they seek to stick together)

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Adhesion is…

water molecules stick to other substances

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Adhesion + cohesion creates…

capillary action

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Capillary action

tendency of water to rise through narrow tubes (tree trunks getting water to the tops of their branches)

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Another property of water is that it maintains a _______ __________

stable temperature

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Specific heat is…

the amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celsius

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Water has (high or low) specific heat

high

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density refers to…

how close/far apart the molecules spread

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water is at its densest at what degree

4 degrees celsius (39.2 degrees fahrenheit)

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temperature gets colder—> molecules move…

slower (so that they can pack closer together)

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Most substances (increase, decrease) in density with (increasing, decreasing) temperature

increase, decreasing

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acid refers to…

a compound that ionizes in water to yield H positive ions and an anion

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base refers to…

a compound that ionizes in water to yield OH negative ions and a cation

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acids are proton (donors, acceptors)

donors

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bases are proton (donors, acceptors)

acceptors

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what are the numbers on the pH scale?

numbers 0-14

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on the pH scale, 0 is most (acidic, basic)

acidic

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on the pH scale, 14 is most (acidic, basic)

basic

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how much more acidic is pH 5 than pH 7?

100 (because 5+2=7 so 10 times 10= 100)

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how much more acidic is 11 pH than 8 pH?

1000 (because 11-8=3 so 10 times 10 times 10=1000)

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Characteristic of life: Made of _____

cells

Characteristic of life: capable of _____ and _____

growth and development

Characteristic of life: includes all the changes that take place during the life of an organism

development

Characteristic of life: Acquire ______ and ______

materials and energy

Homeostasis

automatic tendency to maintain internal functions (example: after running the body needs to cool down back to normal body temp)

Characteristic of life: body is able to _____

move/movement

Characteristic of life: Respond to ______

stimuli

Characteristic of life: new life can come from the body/pass on genetic material

reproduce

Nephesh refers to a...

whole physical being/soul

ruach refers to

breath of life

population

several organisms of the same kind in a particular area

level of organization for organisms (5)

cell>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism

tissue definition

group of cells with a common structure and function

organ definition

composed of a number of tissues and organized for a particular task

organism definition

complex individuals contain organ systems

population leads to ____

community

community leads to ____

ecosystem

ecosystem definition

the earth as a whole, all living and non-living parts

taxonomy

classification of the living world (naming system)

John Ray created ______

polynomials

Natural theology theory belonged to who

John Ray

Natural theology theory refers to

wisdom/power of God is understood when we study His creation

Carolus Linnaeus created _________

Binomial System of Nomenclature

Binomial System of Nomenclature refers to

the two-part naming system of species

when naming a species according to the binomial system of nomenclature, what is included?

general name first and then species (felis concolor for mountain lion)

taxons in order

domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

acronym to remember the taxons

Did King Philip Come Over For Green Spaghetti?

what is included in the phylum category?

animals with a backbone (one example, there are more)

what is included in the domain category?

all living things are either archaea, bacteria, or eukarya

what is included in kingdom animalia?

all animal species (all members of the category are multi-cellular and have eukaryotic cells)

what is included in the class category?

any animal that can produce milk/needs milk to be nourished, hair/fur, red blood cells without a nucleus, etc.

what is included in the order category?

any animal that is a carnivore (eats other animals)

what is included in the family category?

dogs, wolves, jackals, coyote, etc

what is included in the genus category

foxes

what is included in the kingdom of domain eukarya?

protista (single-celled/small multi celled eukaryotes, example algae), fungi, plantae, animalia

what is an organic compound

carbon covalently bonded in complex structures (backbones)

carbon is made of how many protons and how many neutrons?

6 protons and 6 neutrons

carbon is unique in that it can bond with (any, almost any, some, few, no) other elements

any

Hydrocarbons

compounds containing just H and C (hydrogen and carbon)

energy comes from what kinds of bonds

covalent bonds

hydroxyl is found in...

alcohols and sugars

carboxyl is found in...

fatty acids and amino acids

amino is found in...

amino acids

hydroxyl structure

R-O-H (rhenium, oxygen, hydrogen)

carboxyl structure

R-C (double bond to O)-O-H

what are the 4 biological macromolecules?

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

monomer refers to a macromolecules...

structure

what is the monomer for lipids

glycerol, fatty acids

what is the monomer for carbohydrates?

monosaccharide

what is the monomer for proteins?

amino acid

what is the monomer for nucleic acid?

nucleotide

define a macromolecule

chains of monomers, composed of 1000s of atoms (proteins, nucleic acids etc.)

dehydration synthesis

process of covalently linking monomers together- pulls out the water and gets it out of the way so something bigger can be created

hydrolysis

break a bond by adding water to make it available (breaking polymer chains by adding water)

function of carbohydrates

energy from food (energy source)

structure of carbohydrates which makes up elements in crabs and turtles shell

chitin and cellulose

saturated fat

contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to its chain

unsaturated fat

contains double bonds with carbon

the double bond in an unsaturated fat creates a ____

kink/bend in the chain (example canola oil)

function of lipids

biological fuel, component of cell membrane

lipids consist of...

oils and fats

lipids must be ______ because they don't mix with ______

non-polar, water

what element is provided to the human body through proteins?

hydrogen

4 levels of protein organization: primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids in a chain (key to making a protein functional)

4 levels of protein organization: secondary structure

predictable coiling of chains due to H-bonds between amino acids

alpha helix real life example

strand of hair

beta sheets coiling real example

spider web

4 levels of protein organization: tertiary

overall three-dimensional shape by chains as folds and twists due to covalent bonds

4 levels of protein organization: Quaternary

two or more polypeptide chains, individual chains but grouped together in specific arrangement

nucleic acid is composed of

nucleotides

monomer of the nucleic acid

one nucleotide

2 bui one of the cells that is used as a building block for RNA and DNA

purine and pyrimidines

what two bases are found in purine to make up DNA and RNA

Adenine and Guanine

what three bases are found in pyrimidines to make up DNA and RNA

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Function of the nucleic acid

genetic code

what is the difference between the strands of RNA and the strands of DNA?

RNA is always single stranded and DNA is always double stranded (RNA is the carbon copy of DNA)

Adenine pairs with

Thymine (A-T)

Thymine pairs with

Adenine (T-A)

Guanine pairs with

Cytosine (G-S)

Cytosine pairs with

Guanine (S-G)

ATP function

energy for cells needed to work

Structure for carbohydrates (broken into its elements)

CH2OH

Structure of lipids (broken into its elements)

CHO

Structure of proteins (broken into its elements)

CHON (sometimes S)

Science Exam 2 Flashcards

(108 cards)