Science genes

Question 1

Genetic engineering-

Answer 1

Changing or editing an organism’s DNA to get desired traits (like making crops bigger or disease-resistant).

Question 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid-

Answer 2

full name for DNA.

Question 3

Nucleotide-

Answer 3

The building blocks of DNA (like LEGO pieces). Each has sugar, phosphate, and a base (A, T, C, or G).

Question 4

Chromosome-

Answer 4

Tightly coiled DNA found in the nucleus. Humans have 46 (23 pairs).

Question 5

Gene-

Answer 5

A short section of DNA that gives instructions for one trait (like eye colour).

Question 6

Complementary bases-

Answer 6

=Complementary bases are the matching pairs of DNA bases that always join together-hold the two strands of a DNA molecule together, forming its double helix structure

Question 7

Karyotype-

Answer 7

A picture of all your chromosomes arranged in pairs. Used to check for problems.

Question 8

Mitosis-

Answer 8

Cell division that makes identical body cells(somatic cells) (for growth and repair).

Question 9

Meiosis

Meiosis

Answer 9

Cell division that makes gametes (sperm or egg) with half the DNA.

Question 10

Gamete-

Answer 10

A sex cell (sperm or egg). Has half the DNA (23 chromosomes).

Question 11

Somatic cell-

Answer 11

A regular body cell (skin, muscle, etc.). Has a full set of DNA (46 chromosomes).

Question 12

Germ cell -

Answer 12

The cells that make gametes (found in testes or ovaries).

Question 13

Diploid number -

Answer 13

Full set of chromosomes (46 in humans).

di = double sets.

Question 14

Fertilisation-

Answer 14

When sperm joins with an egg to form a zygote.

Question 15

Haploid number-

Answer 15

Half set of chromosomes (23 in humans). Found in gametes.

hap = half.

Question 16

Sperm -

Answer 16

Male gamete. Tiny cell with tail for swimming.

Question 17

Ovum/egg

Answer 17

Female gamete. Large cell with food for the baby’s start.

Question 18

Zygote

Answer 18

The first cell made when sperm and egg join. Has 46 chromosomes.

Question 19

Allele

Answer 19

Different versions of a gene (like blue eyes vs brown eyes).

Question 20

Autosome

Answer 20

Any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome. Humans have 44 autosomes

auto = ordinary chromosome.

Question 21

Carrier

Answer 21

Someone who has one copy of a faulty gene but doesn’t show it.

Question 22

Dominant trait

Answer 22

A trait that shows up even if only one copy is present.

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

The gene combination (letters like BB, Bb, bb).

Question 24

Heterozygous

Answer 24

Two different alleles (Bb).

Hetero = different.

Question 25

Homozygous

Answer 25

Two same alleles (BB or bb). | Homo = same.

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

The gene combination (letters like BB, Bb, bb).

Question 27

Punnet square

Answer 27

A chart that shows possible gene combinations in offspring.

Question 28

Recessive trait

Answer 28

Only shows if two copies of the gene are present.

Question 29

Sex chromosome

Answer 29

Chromosomes that decide gender (XX = female, XY = male).

Question 30

prophase

Answer 30

-the cromozones tightily coil and create double standed cromosones

Question 31

metaphase

Answer 31

-all the cromozones line up in the middle

Question 32

anaphase

Answer 32

-when spindal fibers contect causing the crmoszones to spit apart(no longer a pair)

Question 33

telophase

Answer 33

when two nuclear membranes from but the cell is still intact

Question 34

cytokinesis

Answer 34

-the completion of the split cell that turn into two idencial daughter cells that go back into intaphase)

Question 35

I can list two uses for genetic engineering.

Question 36

I can describe two risks of genetic engineering.

Answer 36

-Unknown long-term effects. -Could harm the environment.

Question 37

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 37

The molecule that carries genetic information.

Question 38

explain where DNA is found

Answer 38

in the nucleus of cells.

Question 39

explain the role of DNA

Answer 39

To store instructions for making proteins.

Question 40

describe the structure of DNA

Answer 40

A double helix (twisted ladder).

Question 41

name the components of a nucleotide

Answer 41

Sugar, phosphate, and base.

Question 42

identify two processes of cell division

Answer 42

Mitosis and meiosis.

Question 43

explain the purpose of mitosis

Answer 43

To make identical body cells for growth and repair.

Question 44

explain the purpose of meiosis

Answer 44

To make sex cells (sperm and egg) with half the chromosomes.

Question 45

list the stages of meiosis I and meiosis II in the correct order

Answer 45

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (happens twice).

Question 45

explain what fertilisation is

Answer 45

When a sperm and egg join to form a zygote.

Question 46

explain the difference between males and females in terms of chromosomes

Answer 46

Males: XY, Females: XX.

Question 47

explain how the sex of an offspring is determined

Answer 47

By whether the sperm carries an X or Y chromosome.

Question 48

explain that autosomal inheritance relates to traits that are inherited on the autosomal chromosomes

Answer 48

Traits passed on non-sex (autosomal) chromosomes.

Question 49

explain that autosomal inheritance relates to traits that are inherited on the autosomal chromosomes

Answer 49

Different versions of the same gene.

Question 50

explain the difference between dominant and recessive inheritance

Answer 50

Dominant = only one copy needed to show. Recessive = need two copies to show.

Question 51

intaphase

Answer 51

first phase not a part of cell divsiosn is the longest stage and thats becuse its dna replication and the cromozones are spagetti