Science Trimester 1 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Back when Earth started, it’s gaseous atmosphere lacked _____ _____
A
free oxygen
2
Q
organism:
A
any living thing
3
Q
As human males go through development, like beard growing, this is an example of ________
A
development
4
Q
scientific law:
A
a statement about something in nature that has been seen to be consistently true
5
Q
spontaneous generation:
A
the theory that living things can come only from non-living things
6
Q
biogenesis:
A
the belief that living things came from nonliving things
7
Q
______ ______ is used to solve problems in science
A
scientific method
8
Q
what theory replaced spontaneous generations?
A
biogenesis
9
Q
the smallest unit of life that carries all functions is?
A
a cell
10
Q
when a cow eats grass, what is he doing scientifically?
A
taking in energy
11
Q
control:
A
the standard used to compare with the outcome of an experiment
12
Q
phylogeny:
A
the evolutionary history of an organism
13
Q
living things respond to a _____
A
stimulus
14
Q
scientific hypothesis:
A
a statement written as a prediction that can be tested, but may not have been observed yet
15
Q
who developed bionomial nomenclature?
A
Linnaeus
16
Q
the first and largest category in the classification system of organisms is:
A
kingdom
17
Q
Steps for scientific method: (List)
A
State the problem Gather information Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Analyze Data Make Conclusions Report Results
18
Q
homeostasis:
A
maintaining the proper conditions inside the organism
19
Q
scientific theory:
A
an explanation of things or events based on knowledge
20
Q
List Earth’s early gases:
A
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Methane
Water Vapor
21
Q
smallest categoration classification:
A
species
22
Q
scientific names are used to…
A
avoid mistakes and be descriptive
23
Q
variable:
A
something that can change
24
Q
eukaryotic cells:
A
cells contain membrane bound internal structures
25
prokaryotic cells:
cells lacking membrane bound internal structures
26
what is the outer covering of a cell?
cell membrane
27
cells are composed of ______
cellulose
28
what gives a cell it's shape?
a cell wall
29
cytoplasm:
a gelatin-like substance inside a cell membrane
30
cytoskeleton:
scaffolding like structure in cytoplasm which helps cell keep it's shape
31
nucleus:
contains instructions for everything cell does even dna
32
ribosomes:
things that make proteins for cell activity
33
green organelles in plant cells contain ________ to make food
chloroplasts
34
tissue:
a group of similar cells working together
35
golgi bodies:
move substances out of a cell or to other parts of a cell
36
vacuoles:
membrane-bound temporary storage spaces
37
lysosomes:
break down food molecules
38
the cell theory(3):
the basic unit of life is a cell
all organisms are composed of 1+ cells
new cells form old cells through division
39
virus:
a nonliving strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
40
viruses can make copies of themselves by living in a ____ ___
host cell
41
active virus:
a virus that make the host cell produce new viruses, killing the host cell
42
dormant virus:
a virus that hides in the host cell w/o destroying it
43
viruses are often carried through the ___
air
44
to start a viral infection, the virus and host cell must...
fit together exactly
45
What type of cells do plants have?
eukaryotic
46
central nervous system:
a system in an organ system with the brain being a very important organ
47
______ is found in chloroplasts
chlorophyll
48
mitochondria:
the powerhouse of a cell; releases energy stored in food
49
the central vacuole can store what?
water in a plant
50
the rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
an organelle
51
the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood make up your ________ system
cardiovascular
52
a plant cell has a ____ shape
squarish
53
an animal cell has a _____ shape
circular
54
everything around us is made of ______ and ______
matter and energy
55
matter:
anything that has mass and takes up space
56
what is matter made of?
atoms
57
energy can hold ____ or break it apart
matter
58
what does a nucleus contain?
protons and neutrons
59
elements are made of how many kinds of atoms?
1
60
Compound:
a molecular and iconic structure made of 2+ elements in exact proportions
61
what is the smallest part of a molecular compound?
a molecule
62
Molecules form when atoms share ______
electrons
63
Ion:
an electrically charged atom
64
Ions of ____ charges attract one another to form electricity
opposite
65
Mixture:
combination of substances in which individual substances keep their properties
66
Solution:
when one substance is mixed uniformly throughout another substance, and remains uniformly mixed
67
Suspension:
forms when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread like salad dressing
68
Organic Compounds:
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
69
Lipids:
store and release large amounts of energy
70
Proteins:
the building blocks of many structures
71
to find the atomic number for a substance, what do you use?
Periodic Table of Elements
72
Compounds without carbon are...
inorganic
73
electrons give off a _____ charge
negative
74
protons give off a _______ charge
positive
75
neutrons give off _____ _____
no charge
76
Enzymes:
the proteins that regulate the rate if chemical reactions in cells, typically speeding up the reactions
77
amino acids:
the small molecules making up proteins
78
plants use _______ to produce food
photosynthesis
79
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are _______ compounds
inorganic
80
diffusion stops when ________ is reached
equilibrium
81
metabolism:
the total chemical reactions in an organism
82
excotysosis:
when materials are released out of a cell
83
endocytosis:
when materials are wrapped by the cell membrane
84
genetic material is composed of _____ _____
nucleic acids
85
cell membranes are _____ permeable
selectively
86
passive transport:
the movement of materials without energy
87
diffusion of water via a cell membrane is...
osmosis
88
photosynthesis' source is:
the sun
89
active transport:
using energy to bring large particles into a cell that cannot pass through the cell membrane
90
cellular respiration is completed in the ____________
mitochondria
91
_______ are a byproduct of fermentation
carbohydrates (food)
92
during endocytosis, a vesicle is formed from a piece of...
cell membrane
93
what type of transport is exocytosis?
passive
94
respiration uses ______
oxygen
95
yeast makes bread rise due to _______ ________ in fermentation
carbon dioxide
96
what does photosynthesis produce?
Carbon dioxide and sugar
97
what does respiration produce?
water and oxygen (used in Photosynthesis)
98
a positive ion is an ion that has lost ___ electron
one
99
mitosis:
process in which nucleus divide to form 2 nuclei
100
chromosome:
structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material
101
Prophase:
when pairs of chromosomes become visible
102
PMAT: (pairs, middle, apart, two)
Pro, Meta, Ano, and Telo Phase
103
Metaphase:
pairs of chromatids separate
104
Anaphase:
when each centromere divides and pairs of chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
105
in plant cells, during division of the cytoplasm, what forms?
a cell plate
106
in animal cells, the cell membrane does what in division of the cytoplasm?
the cell membrane pinches in the middle and the cytoplasm divides
107
Each of our cells in our body, except sex cells has a nucleus with chromosomes
46
108
mitosis allows:
growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells
109
asexual reproduction:
a new organism formed from one parent
110
binary fission:
when an organism with no nucleus dividing into two identical organisms
111
budding:
a small, exact copy of the adult grows from the body of the parent
112
regeneration:
a whole new organism grows from each piece of the parent
113
sexual reproduction:
two sex cells, egg and sperm come together
114
fertilization:
the joining of an egg and sperm
115
sperm is formed in the ___
| eggs in the ______
male, female
116
what cell forms during fertilization?
zygote
117
haploid:
what human sex cells are, because they have 23 single chromosomes
118
diploid:
what human body cells are, because they have 23 pairs of similar chromosomes
119
meiosis:
a process that produces haploid sex cells and ensures offspring have the same diploid as it's parent
120
what happens in meiosis I?
the nucleus divides and produces two new cells with one duplicated chromosome
121
what happens in meiosis II?
the nuclei divides and chromatids separate, producing four cells with half the number of chromosomes of the original nucleus
122
DNA stands for:
deoxyribonucleic acid
123
DNA:
a chemical that contains information that an organism needs to grow and function
124
who made a DNA model in 1953?
Watson and Crick
125
what is DNA's structure?
a twisted ladder
126
what are DNA rungs made of?
nitrogen bases
127
what are DNA sides made of?
sugar-phosphate molecules
128
Before a cell divides, the DNA duplicates by...
unwinding and separating it's sides, then each side becoming a pattern on which a new side forms
129
gene:
sections of DNA on a chromosome
130
mutation:
any permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism
131
RNA:
code carrier for making proteins that directs the order in which amino acids bond
132
heredity:
the passing of traits from parent to
133
alleles:
the different forms of a trait that a gene may have
134
Gregor Mendel was known as...
the father of genetics
135
hybrid:
receives different genetic information for a trait
136
dominant allele ____ up the recessive one, which is behind
covers
137
genotype:
the genetic makeup of an organism
138
homozygous:
an organism with two alleles that are the same
139
heterozygous:
an organism with two alleles that are different
140
phenotype:
the way an organism looks as a result of it's genotype
141
bacteria:
microscopic organisms
142
binomial nomenclature:
a system used by modern scientists to name organisms
143
cellular respiration:
cellular reaction that breaks down food molecules into simpler substances, with the need of enzymes
144
chloroplast:
pigments found in plant cells
145
classification:
organism organization into 6 kingdoms
146
color-blindness:
a sex-linked disorder common in boys
147
compound light microscope:
commonly used microscope with eyepiece and objective lenses
148
dichotomous key:
tool used to identify organisms; detailed list of organisms
149
diffusion:
where particles move to an area where less of them are
150
electron microscope:
an SEM sweeps a beam over the specimen causing light to be emitted
151
fermentation:
a replacement of cellular respiration to release glucose molecules
152
genetics:
the study of how traits are passed on
153
genus:
a rank used in animal classification
154
water:
made of hydrogen and oxygen, most important to most organisms
155
interphase:
the resting phase between meiosis
156
incomplete dominance:
when the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype
157
inorganic compound:
An inorganic compound is a compound that is considered not "organic"
158
polygenic inheritance:
when a group of gene pairs act to make a trait
159
kilometer:
1000 meters
160
SI Units:
meters
kilograms
seconds
161
vaccine:
used to prevent diseases; they are made from weakened virus particles
162
selectively permeable:
A selectively permeable cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport
163
latent virus:
an inactive stage of a virus
164
liter:
an SI unit
165
gram:
mass measurement
166
organelle:
structures within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
167
organ system:
a group of organs working together to do something
168
human sex cells:
very low quantity cells with 23 chromosomes
169
the 2 divisions of the nucleus result in _ sex cells
4
170
sex-linked gene:
an allele on a sex chromosome
171
sex-linked disorder:
some conditions that result from inheriting a sex-linked gene
172
human blood phenotypes:
the blood types, 'A', 'B', and 'O' which AB are dominant over O
173
human blood genotypes:
someone with O type must have OO
174
Punnett Square:
a tool used to predict genetics
175
pure breeding:
organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits
176
response:
the reaction to a stimulus
177
molecular compound:
a compound formed when atoms share their counterparts
178
nucleic acids:
large organic molecules that store important coded information in cells
179
homo sapien:
the only existing human form today (us)
180
Telophase:
when a cell completes mitosis and splits into 2
