SECTION 1 Flashcards by Arriane Cyrel (MTI)

study of organisms that live on and obtain their nutrients from another organism

PARASITOLOGY

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a pathogen that simultaneously injures and derives sustenance from its host

Parasites

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parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), and the arthropods

Parasites

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concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance; Importance In human communities

MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

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the association of two living organisms, each of a different species

SYMBIOSIS

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Ex. Clown fish w/ sea anemone – neutral; w/o benefit

SYMBIOSIS

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association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to one and neutral to the other

COMMENSALISM

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Ex. Birds and trees

COMMENSALISM

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association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to both

MUTUALISM

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association of two different species of organisms that are beneficial to one at the other’s expense

PARASITISM

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a parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease

PATHOGENIC

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a parasite that cannot survive outside of a host

OBLIGATORY PARASITE

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Ex. Tapeworm – once released, it will not survive outside the host; depends on the host to complete its life cycle; requires the infective stage

OBLIGATORY PARASITE

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a parasite that is capable of existing Independently of a host

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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Ex. Acanthamoeba, w/c infects the eyes – free-living outside the host; can survive the outside environment

FACULTATIVE PARASITE

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a parasite living inside the body of a host

ENDOPARASITE

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Ex. Lice (infection)

ENDOPARASITE

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a parasite living outside the body of a host

ECTOPARASITE

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Ex. Fleas and ticks (infestation)

ECTOPARASITE

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a parasite found in an organ that is not in its usual habitat

ERRATIC PARASITE

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Ex. Ascaris lumbricoides, w/c lives in the GIT but (?) in the lungs

ERRATIC PARASITE

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a parasite that.establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

ACCIDENTAL (INCIDENTAL) PARASITE

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Ex. Dwarf tapeworm – only infects dogs and cats, only a cyst in humans

ACCIDENTAL (INCIDENTAL) PARASITE

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a parasite that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

PERMANENT PARASITE

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a parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

TEMPORARY PARASITE

a parasite that is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

SPURIOUS PARASITE

Ex. Chicken w/ intestinal parasite releases dung → Dog eats dung and releases parasite as well

SPURIOUS PARASITE

Host other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite

ACCIDENTAL OR INCIDENTAL HOST

Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite development occurs

DEFINITIVE (FINAL) HOST

Ex. Humans

DEFINITIVE (FINAL) HOST

Host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite development occurs

INTERMEDIATE HOST

Ex. Cattle, sheep, goat, pigs (Taenia), and snail (Schistosoma) with 2 IH

INTERMEDIATE HOST

Host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans may become infected

RESERVOIR HOST

Ex. Pigs (Balantidium coli), rats, cats

RESERVOIR HOST

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

TRANSPORT HOST

Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

CARRIER

host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

PARATENIC HOST

Ex. Meat eaten by human – alive parasite in the host develops when passed

PARATENIC HOST

the process of inoculating an infective agent

EXPOSURE

connotes the establishment of the Infective agent in the host

INFECTION

the period between infection and evidence of symptoms

INCUBATION PERIOD

the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence of demonstration of infection

PRE-PATENT PERIOD

when an infected individual becomes his own. Direct source of Infection

AUTOINFECTION

Ex. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm/social worm) – “hand-to-mouth infection”

AUTOINFECTION

happens when the already Inrected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

SUPERINFECTION (HYPERINFECTION)

Ex. Trichuris trichiura – rectal prolapse

SUPERINFECTION (HYPERINFECTION)

Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiura, Strongyloides, Hookworn (Night soil worm using human feces)

SOIL

Cyst of Amoeba and flagellates

WATER

Tapeworm and flukes (undercooked food)

FOOD

Mosquito, ticks, malaria, dengue

ARTHROPODS

contact w/ an infected person or animal, directly from the source to the susceptible host without involving an intermediate object

Direct

involves an intermediate object

Indirect

Droplet spread

Direct

Sexual intercourse – pingpong disease (Trichomanas vaginalis)

Direct

Kissing – Amoeba (gingivalis)

Direct

Holding hands – Enterobius vermicularis

Direct

Transplacental / Vertical - mother to fetus

Direct

 Malaria  Toxoplasma gondii  Trypanosoma cruzi

Transplacental / Vertical - mother to fetus

Ingestion of contaminated food & drink

Indirect

Contact w/ contaminated soil

Indirect

Bite of an infected arthropod (vector)

Indirect

Through fomites

Indirect

LIFE CYCLE

1. Mode of transmission 2. Morphologic form

2 Morphologic form

Infective stage diagnostic stage

: capable of invading the host

Infective stage

: seen in the sample

diagnostic stage

2 PHASES OF LIFE CYCLE

1. Route a parasite follows independ on to the human 2. Route a parasite follows independently of the human body

Major body areas associated with parasitic disease:

1. GIT/UGT 2. Blood and Tissue 3. Liver, Lung, and other major organs 4. Miscellaneous location: CSF, eye, skin, extremities (up to only 2 parasite can infect)

Symptoms Associated with Parasitic Disease Processes

Diarrhea Fever Chills Abdominal pain Abdominal cramping Elephantiasis - most common symptom; enlargement of arms, breast, legs,a nd sex organs Anemia Vitamin deficiency Bowel obstruction Edema Enlargement of major organs Skin lesions Blindness

PREVENTION AND CONTROL  Development and Implementation of  Use of insecticides and  Use of protective  Use of protective netting  Proper  Good  Proper  Proper handling, cooking, and  Avoidance of unprotected

parasite awareness (education programs other chemicals clothing netting water treatment personal hygiene sanitation practices protection of food sexual relations

3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PARASITIC INFECTION

1. Source of Infection (causative agent) 2. Mode of Transmission (ingestion, percutaneous, inhalation) 3. Presence of Susceptible host

- for intestinal protozoans, nematodes and helminthes

Stool

- for the recovery of Trichomonas vaginalis and Schistosoma haematobium

Urine

Urine Collection:

mid- stream catch

- Paragonimus westermani, larvae of nematodes

Sputum

Sputum • Must be digested using

4-5% sodium hydroxide (acts as a fixative)

- for malarial parasites, filarial worms, Leishmania and Trypanosoma (mosquito, ticks, flies)

Blood

- Acanthamoeba species (present in stagnant water;enters from from the nose to the brain)

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid Collection:

lumbar tap

Liver aspirate

hydatid cyst and liver amoebic abscess

Duodenal aspirate

-Giardiasis and Strongyloidiasis infection

• Duodenal aspirate Collection:

endoscopy

: duodenal contents collected for Giardia and Strongylodes

• Duodenal drainage or “String test”

: Schistosomiasis, Amoebiasis, Balantidiasis and Shigellosis (Large intestines)

• Sigmoidoscopy

Broncho-alveolar lavage–

Paragonimus westermani

- with gelatin capsule to easily ingest the string

Duodenal drainage or "String test"

: Schistosomiasis, Amoebiasis. Balantidiasis and Shigellosis (Large intestines)

*Sigmoidoscopy

2 Orifice swab

Vaginal swab Perianal swab

Vaginal swab-

Trichomonas vaginalis

Perianal swab -

Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia

Tissue Biopsy

Muscle Rectal

Muscle-

Trichinella spiralis

Rectal - granulomas secondary to

Schistosomiasis

(only present in muscle)

Trichinella spiralis

– for diagnosis of Trypanosomes and microfilaria (motile stage)

Fresh water smears

– for the study of the morphology of the parasites and the blood cells

Thin Dry smears

 edge of blood tube must be at least 1 cm; 1 drop of blood to the slide

Thin Dry smears

 For species identification

Thin Dry smears

 specify

Thin Dry smears

 gold standard for malarial diagnosis (species identification)

Thin Dry smears

– used for malaria survey among patients with chronic infections or who are undergoing anti- malaria therapy

Thick Dry smears

 edge of blood tube must be at least 1 cm; 1 drop of blood to the slide

Thick Dry smears

 to check for the presence of parasite

Thick Dry smears

 identify

Thick Dry smears

 for rapid diagnosis for malarial infection

Thick Dry smears

1. Thick film a. Obtain a (?) b. Add a drop of (?) (to dehemoglobinize) c. Puddle to (?) (to avoid peeling from the slide when dried)

large drop water defibrinize