SECTION 2A Flashcards
1
Q
Trichinella spiralis
A
Trichinella spiralis
2
Q
Trichocephalus trichiurus
A
Trichuris trichiura
3
Q
Trichocephalus dispar
A
Trichuris trichiura
4
Q
Eustrongylus gigas
A
Dioctophyma renale
5
Q
Trichina worm, Muscle worm
A
Trichinella spiralis
6
Q
Pudoc worm
A
Capillaria philippinensis
7
Q
Capillary liver worm
A
Capillaria hepatica
8
Q
Whipworm
A
Trichuris trichiura
9
Q
Giant Kidney Worm
A
Dioctophyma renale
10
Q
Encysted larva
A
Trichinella spiralis
11
Q
3rd stage larva
A
Capillaria philippinensis
Dioctophyma renale
12
Q
embryonated ova
A
Capillaria hepatica
Trichuris trichiura
13
Q
Small intestine, skeletal muscles (larva)
A
Trichinella spiralis
14
Q
Small intestine, large intestine
A
Capillaria philippinensis
15
Q
liver of the host
A
Capillaria hepatica
16
Q
cecum & appendix
A
Trichuris trichiura
17
Q
Kidney (typically the right kidney)
A
Dioctophyma renale
18
Q
4-16 weeks
A
Trichinella spiralis
19
Q
5-10 years
A
Trichuris trichiura
20
Q
5 years
A
Dioctophyma renale
21
Q
ingested of encysted larva
(improperly cooked meat)
A
Trichinella spiralis
22
Q
eating infected fish
A
Capillaria philippinensis
23
Q
Distribution:
Philippines & Thailand
A
Capillaria philippinensis
24
Q
✓ Eating of dog’s meat
A
Capillaria hepatica
25
✓ Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (embryonated ova)
Capillaria hepatica
26
Intermediate hosts:
Same animal as the final host
Trichinella spiralis
27
Final hosts:
Hogs, rats, man
Trichinella spiralis
28
Accidental:
Humans
Trichinella spiralis
29
Intermediate hosts:
glassfish, “bagsit”, “bagsang”, “ipon”
Capillaria philippinensis
30
Definitive hosts:
Man and birds
Capillaria philippinensis
31
Hosts:
rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and rarely in human
Capillaria hepatica
32
Principal host:
man, but has been found in hogs, monkeys, cattle, dogs, mice
Trichuris trichiura
33
Intermediate hosts:
Oligochaete annelids
Dioctophyma renale
34
Definitive hosts:
Mink, dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; fish eating mammals
Dioctophyma renale
35
Paratenic hosts:
Fish and frogs
Dioctophyma renale
36
Larva: at birth
Trichinella spiralis
37
Larva 80-120 μm & highlycoiled
Trichinella spiralis
38
Larva has spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end
Trichinella spiralis
39
Larva grows rapidly about 1 mm
Trichinella spiralis
40
Adult: rarely seen in stool or any material
Trichinella spiralis
41
Females 3.5 mm x 0.06 mm
Trichinella spiralis
42
Females Posterior end: bluntly rounded
Trichinella spiralis
43
Females Anterior fifth: with single vulva
Trichinella spiralis
44
Females LARVIPAROUS
Trichinella spiralis
Capillaria philippinensis
45
✓ Males:
1.5 mm x 0.04 mm
Trichinella spiralis
46
Males Cloaca: internal cavity; last part of the rectum
Trichinella spiralis
47
Ova ✓ Color: Pale yellow
Capillaria philippinensis
48
Ova ✓ Size: 42x20 μ
Capillaria philippinensis
49
Ova ✓ similar to that of T. trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
50
Ova ✓ smaller & more striated shells
Capillaria philippinensis
51
Ova ✓ Flattened plugs
Capillaria philippinensis
52
Ova ✓ Peanut shape
Capillaria philippinensis
53
Females size: 2.4 – 4.3 mm
Capillaria philippinensis
54
Females Anterior: esophagus and esophageal
glands
Capillaria philippinensis
55
Females Posterior: intestine and reproductive organs
Capillaria philippinensis
56
- uterus lined with 2-3 rows of eggs
Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female
57
Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female -
Larviparous
58
- causes internal auto-reinfection
Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female
59
- uterus lined with 1 row of egg
Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Typical female
60
Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Typical female -
oviparous
61
Males size: 2.3 – 3.17mm
Capillaria philippinensis
62
Males caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath
Capillaria philippinensis
63
Ova “lemon – shaped” eggs
Capillaria hepatica
64
Ova resembles that of Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria hepatica
65
Ova outer shell: pitted like golf ball
Capillaria hepatica
66
Adult males are half as long as the female with slightly chitinized spicule
Capillaria hepatica
67
Ova
Barrel/football-shaped
Japanese lantern
Trichuris trichiura
68
Ova 50 μmX25μm in size
Trichuris trichiura
69
Ova
3 layers:
- undeveloped, unicellular embryo
- outermost layer: smooth, bile-stained
- Hyaline/Mucus plug
Trichuris trichiura
70
Adults Flesh: colored
Trichuris trichiura
71
Adults anterior three-fifths is attenuated (whiplike)
Trichuris trichiura
72
Adults stichosoma type of esophagus
Trichuris trichiura
73
Females 35-50 mm
Trichuris trichiura
74
Females bluntly rounded posterior end
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura
75
Females 3,000-10,000 eggs per day
Trichuris trichiura
76
Males 30-45 mm
Trichuris trichiura
77
Males posterior portion: coiled ( 360o)
Trichuris trichiura
78
Males lanceolate spicule protruding through a refractile pineal sheath
Trichuris trichiura
79
Ova ellipsoidal and brownish-yellow
Dioctophyma renale
80
Ova deeply sculptured depressions
Dioctophyma renale
81
Adults blood red in color
Dioctophyma renale
82
Adults attenuated (slightly) on both ends
Dioctophyma renale
83
✓ Females:
vulva: midventral near anterior
Dioctophyma renale
84
Males Size: 14-20 cm x 4-6 mm
Dioctophyma renale
85
Males Bell-shaped copulatory bursa
Dioctophyma renale
86
Males not supported by rays; covering of papillae
Dioctophyma renale
87
Trichinosis
Trichiniasis
Trichinelliasis
Trichinella spiralis
88
Disease caused: Capillariasis or Mystery disease and Malabsorption Syndrome (flattening of the villi)
Capillaria philippinensis
89
-Predominant Symptoms
✓ borborygmi
✓ abdominal pain
✓ Diarrhea (chronic)
Capillaria philipinensis
90
✓ Death: 2 – 8 weeks after these are seen
Capillaria philippinensis
91
Trichuriasis (Heavy infection)
Trichuris trichiura
92
Trichucephaliasis
Trichuris trichiura
93
Whipworm infection
Trichuris trichiura
94
Trichuris trichiura
- Slight infection:
asymptomatic
95
- Heavy infection:
Trichuris trichiura surface of colon matted with worms (rectal prolapse)
96
✓ Asymptomatic for light infections
Trichuris trichiura
97
✓ Heavy infection: surface colon is matted with worms
Trichuris trichiura
98
- Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
Trichuris trichiura
99
- Weight loss and weakness
Trichuris trichiura
100
- Abdominal pain and tenderness
Trichuris trichiura
101
- Increased peristalsis and rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichiura
102
- Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis)
Trichuris trichiura
103
- Hypoalbuminemia and IDA
Trichuris trichiura
104
- Extreme cachexia
Trichuris trichiura
105
✓ gastrocnemius and biceps
Muscle Biopsy
106
✓ digest with pepsin-hydrochloride
Muscle Biopsy
107
✓ 3rd or 4th week of infection
Muscle Biopsy
108
✓ use antigen preparation of Trichinella larva
Bachman Intradermal Test
109
✓ Observe after 30 minutes
Bachman Intradermal Test
110
✓ (+) result: large elevated swelling at the site of injection (intradermal)
Bachman Intradermal Test
111
1. Muscle Biopsy
Trichinella spiralis
112
2. Bachman Intradermal Test
Trichinella spiralis
113
3. Beck’s Xenodiagnosis (albino rats)
Trichinella spiralis
114
4. Serodiagnosis
Trichinella spiralis
115
5. Bentonite Flocculation
Trichinella spiralis
116
6. Blood Count
Trichinella spiralis
117
Laboratory Diagnosis: DFS & Concentration technique
Capillaria philippinensis
118
Liver biopsy (revealing characterist ic egg and parasite)
Capillaria hepatica
119
DFS, KTS, Concentration techniques
Trichuris trichiura
120
eggs in urine (Urine sedimentation)
Dioctophyma renale
121
Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through freezing at -30oC for 24 hours
Trichinella spiralis
122
Extermination of rats and mice around farms
Trichinella spiralis
123
Thorough cooking of pork
Trichinella spiralis
124
✓ drug of choice
Albendazole
125
✓ 400 mg/day for 10 days
Albendazole
126
✓ destroys larvae readily
Albendazole
127
✓ 200mg twice a day for 20 days or 400 mg/day for 20 days
Mebendazole
128
Albendazole
Capillaria philippinensis
129
Mebendazole
Capillaria philippinensis
130
Electrolyte replacement therapy and high protein diet
Capillaria philippinensis
131
Thorough cooking of fish (Kilawi)n
Capillaria philippinensis
132
Sanitary disposal of feces
Trichuris trichiura
133
Thorough washing of hands
Trichuris trichiura
134
Thorough washing and cooking of food
Trichuris trichiura
135
Avoid using human feces as fertilizer
Trichuris trichiura
136
1. Mebendazole (500mg)
Trichuris trichiura
137
2. Albendazole (400 mg)
Trichuris trichiura
138
3. Oxantel-pyrantel
Trichuris trichiura
139
Surgical excision
Dioctophyma renale
140
- requires 2 hosts in order to complete the life cycle
BLIND ALLEY CYCLE
141
- Human infection is a dead-end infection
BLIND ALLEY CYCLE
142
: inflammation of duodenal & jejunal mucosa, malaise, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal cramps
Intestinal
143
: fever, facial edema (particularly in the eyes), pain, swelling & weakness of the involved muscle, eosinophilia
Muscle invasion
144
: begins at about the end of the 3rd week; s/s subside; cyst wall then the larva itself CALCIFY
Convalescence
145
✓ first week
Intestinal Phase
146
✓ small intestinal edema and inflammation
Intestinal Phase
147
✓ nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache and fever, myalgia
Intestinal Phase
148
✓ up to 6th week:
- high fever (40oC)
- blurred vision
- edema of the face and eyes
- cough, pleural pains
- eosinophilia (15-40% for 1 month)
Migration Phase
149
✓ 4th to 8th week: death
Migration Phase
150
✓ acute local inflammation
Muscular Phase
151
✓ edema and pain of the musculature
Muscular Phase
152
✓ Larval encystation
Muscular Phase
153
✓ muscle fibers
Muscular Phase
154
- 3-4 days after larval invasion
muscle fibers
155
- Edematous
muscle fibers
156
- spindle shape
muscle fibers
157
- lose their cross striations
muscle fibers
158
- undergo basophilic degeneration
muscle fibers
159
: size and number migrate to the anterior of the muscle cell
- Nuclei
160
Predominating symptoms
✓ Eosinophilia
✓ orbital edema
✓ muscular pain and tenderness
✓ shallow, painful breathing
✓ general weakness
Muscular Phase
161
✓ fever, weakness, pain and other symptoms start to abate
Encystment/Encapsulation Phase
162
The (?) seems to be the most primitive group of nematodes.
Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)
163
Mainly, they are free-living in soil and water; however, there are a few parasitic forms
Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)
164
As the alternate name implies, they do not have phasmids, and the amphids are located posteriorly on the head region.
Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)
165
In fact, they have no sensory bristles or papillae on the head and body.
Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)
166
They are simple, spindle-shaped worms with simple excretory organs (single-celled).
Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)
167
Aphasmids are nematodes which lack phasmids or it lacks caudal chemoreceptors. The nematodes in this classification are:
✓ Trichinella spiralis
✓ Capillaria philippinensis
✓ Capillaria hepatica
✓ Trichuris trichiura
✓ Dioctophyma renale
168
✓ Males:
Posterior end: ventrally curved with two lobular caudal appendages
Trichinella spiralis
169
✓ Untreated:
✓ weight loss; malaise
✓ vomiting; dehydration
✓ anorexia
✓ pneumonia, heart failure and cerebral edema
Capillaria philipinensis
170
✓ 400 mg/day for 10 days
Albendazole
171
✓ destroys larvae readily
Albendazole
