SECTION 2B Flashcards
1
Q
Most common intestinal roundworm
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
2
Q
Synonym: Oxyuris vermicularis
A
Enterobius vermicularis
3
Q
Giant Intestinal roundworm
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
4
Q
Pin worm, seat worm
A
Enterobius vermicularis
5
Q
embryonated ova
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
6
Q
Filariform larva
A
HOOKWORMS
7
Q
embryonated egg
A
Enterobius vermicularis
8
Q
Rhabditiform larva
A
HOOKWORMS
9
Q
Types of eggs:
a) Unfertilized: longer and narrower
b) fertilized: broadly avoidal and thick
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
10
Q
2 layers of the egg shell
✓ albuminoid layer (absent in old specimens)
✓ chorionic layer or true shell
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
11
Q
➢ filled with amorphous mass
A
Ascaris lumbricoides unfertilized
12
Q
➢ lack the cresentric clear area
A
Ascaris lumbricoides unfertilized
13
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides fertilized egg 3 layers:
A
✓ Chorionic/true shell
✓ Vitelline layer
✓ Protein coat/Albuminous layer
14
Q
: chitinous layer
A
✓ Chorionic/true shell
15
Q
secretory product of the egg
A
✓ Chorionic/true shell
16
Q
: fertilization membrane
A
✓ Vitelline layer
17
Q
highly impermeable membrane that protects the inner embryo
A
✓ Vitelline layer
18
Q
: outermost mamillated layer with a tanning action
A
✓ Protein coat/Albuminous layer
19
Q
: same as fertilized but contains the larva of the embryo
A
➢ Embryonated
20
Q
: lacks the albuminous mamillated shell
A
➢ Decorticated
21
Q
usually seen in old specimens;m
A
➢ Decorticated
22
Q
it may be fertilized or unfertilized
A
➢ Decorticated
23
Q
Ova
- ovoidal, colorless/hyaline and thin shelled
A
HOOKWORMS
24
Q
Ova
- 4-8 cell stage when passed in the feces (surrounded by a clear zone)
A
HOOKWORMS
25
- Feeding stage, short and stout
Rhabditiform larva
26
- Has a long narrow buccal cavity
Rhabditiform larva
27
- Flask shaped esophagus
Rhabditiform larva HOOKWORMS
28
- Very small genital primordium
Rhabditiform larva
29
- 250u long
Rhabditiform larva
30
-Non-feeding
Filariform larva
31
-Mouth is close with a protecting sheath
Filariform larva
32
-Longer and slender with a pointed posterior end
Filariform larva
33
-500-600u long
Filariform larva
34
-Oesophagus fills anterior ½ of larva
Filariform larva HOOKWORMS
35
-Notched tail end
Filariform larva
36
-small, cylindrical, fusiform, grayish white
Adult hookworms
37
-relatively stout with a cervical curvature
Adult hookworms
38
-with a well-developed buccal capsule
Adult hookworms
39
: -9-13 mm by 0.35 to 0.6 mm
Adult hookworms ✓ Females
40
: -5 – 11 mm by 0,3-0,45 mm
Adult hookworms ✓ Males
41
Ova
-Double lined chorionic shell, transparent and colorless; elongated and ovoidal with one side flattened
Enterobius vermicularis
42
Ova
-With inner embryonated layer and outer albuminous shell
Enterobius vermicularis
43
Ova
-Embryonated when laid at the perianal area
Enterobius vermicularis
44
Ova
-Remain viable up to 13 days, rarely seen in the stool
Enterobius vermicularis
45
Adult
-white, creamy or pinkish yellow when freshly expelled
Ascaris lumbricoides
46
Adult
-head is provided with three conspicuous lips which are finely denticulated
Ascaris lumbricoides
47
Adult
each lip has minute twinned sensory papillae.
Ascaris lumbricoides
48
✓ Females:
-35 cm long x 3-6 mm
Ascaris lumbricoides
49
✓ Females:
-straight posterior end
Ascaris lumbricoides
50
✓ Females:
-paired reproductive organs located in the 2/3 of the body
Ascaris lumbricoides
51
✓ Females:
-oviparous
Ascaris lumbricoides
52
✓ Females:
-gravid uterus : 200,000 eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides
53
✓ Males:
-10-31 cm
Ascaris lumbricoides
54
✓ Males:
-Usually shorter and slender
Ascaris lumbricoides
55
✓ Males:
-ventrically curved posterior end with 2 spicules
Ascaris lumbricoides
56
Males
-genitalia: composed of a single, long tortuous tubule
Ascaris lumbricoides
57
Lumen of the SI
Ascaris lumbricoides
58
Cecum and appendix
Enterobius vermicularis
59
12-17 months
Ascaris lumbricoides
60
Definitive host: Man (no intermediate host needed)
Ascaris lumbricoides
61
Definitive host: Man
Enterobius vermicularis
62
Reservoir host: Dogs and cats
Enterobius vermicularis
63
Ascariasis
Ascaris lumbricoides
64
Dooryard or Backyard Infection
Ascaris lumbricoides
65
Uncinariasis:
Necator americanus
66
Ancylostomiasis:
Ancylostoma species
67
Enterobiasis
Enterobius vermicularis
68
Oxyuriasis
Enterobius vermicularis
69
✓ Ascaris pneumonitis: Damage to the pulmonary tissue (petechial hemorrhage) when larvae break out of the lung capillaries into the air sacs
Due to larval migration
70
✓ Symptoms manifested: asthmatic type of respiration; cough; bronchial rales (abnormal respiratory sound); urticarial rash (hives, vascular reaction of the upper dermis; eosinophilia in the circulatory blood)
Due to larval migration
71
✓ Diarrhea, vague abdominal pain, nausea and loss of appetite
Due to adult worms
72
✓ Due to its erratic behavior: vomiting; suffocation; intestinal obstruction, appendicitis; acute pancreatitis; peritonitis (perforation of the bowel)
Due to adult worms
73
✓ Dermatitis at the site of entrance of filariform
Ground itch/Coolie itch/Dew itch
74
✓ Intense itching, edema and erythema and later papulovesicular eruption
Ground itch/Coolie itch/Dew itch
75
✓ Due to the exposure of the skin to the filariform larvae of A. braziliense and A caninum, occasionally of N. americanus and A duodenale.
Creeping eruption/Cutaneous larval migrans/Plumber’s itch/ Duck Hunter’s itch
76
✓ “Serpiginous tunnel” in the stratum germinativum of the skin
Creeping eruption/Cutaneous larval migrans/Plumber’s itch/ Duck Hunter’s itch
77
✓ Petechial hemorrhages with eosinophilic and leukocytic infiltration that induces cough and pyrexia
Pumonary lesions: Wakana disease
78
✓ Chronic blood loss due to continuous mechanical suction of blood from the intestinal mucosa and the presence of bleeding areas left by the adult as they transfer to new areas
Hookworm anemia
79
✓ Blood loss:
N. americanus:
A duodenale:
0.03-0.05 ml/day
0.16 – 0.34 ml/day
80
✓ Blood picture: “Mycrocytic Hypochromic Anemia”
Hookworm anemia
81
✓ Loss of protein due to a combined loss of blood and lymph and the protein loss is as well in excess of the loss of RBC
Hypoalbuminemia
82
✓ Some are asymptomatic; rarely causes serious lesions
Enterobius vermicularis
83
✓ Other symptoms
- Nocturnal perianal itching
Enterobius vermicularis
84
- Vulva irritation; vulvovaginitis, salpingitis
Enterobius vermicularis
85
- Cardinal feature: hypersensitivity
Enterobius vermicularis
86
- Mild nausea or vomiting
Enterobius vermicularis
87
- Loss of sleep, irritability
Enterobius vermicularis
88
- Slight irritation to intestinal mucosa
Enterobius vermicularis
89
✓ By anus to mouth via contaminated fingers and fomites
Enterobius vermicularis
90
✓ Through contaminated food and drinks especially if the food handler is the carrier
Enterobius vermicularis
91
✓ Via inhalation- viable ova can float in the air
Enterobius vermicularis
92
✓ Retro infection: gravid female after laying their eggs in the perianal area goes back through the anus to the large intestine. The larvae upon hatching migrate back to the large intestine
Enterobius vermicularis
93
DFS, KTS, Concentration Technique, ELISA
Ascaris lumbricoides
94
Stool examination may give negative results due to the following
- During the early stage of infection (worms are still immature)
- During larval migration through the blood stream
- When only male worms are present in the intestines
Ascaris lumbricoides
95
a) Ground itch and creeping eruption – characteristic of the lesion and the history of skin contact with soil
HOOKWORMS
96
b) Recovery of eggs – DFS, KTS, Brine flotation and FECT
HOOKWORMS
97
c) Harada Mori culture technique
HOOKWORMS
98
a) Graham Scotch Tape Technique/Cellulose Acetate Technique
Enterobius vermicularis
99
b) NIH Swab Technique
Enterobius vermicularis
100
c) Schuffner and Swelling Rebel Method
Enterobius vermicularis
101
✓Sanitary disposal of human excreta
Ascaris lumbricoides
102
✓ Personal hygiene
Ascaris lumbricoides
103
✓ Avoid the use of night soil fertilizer
Ascaris lumbricoides
104
✓ Thorough cooking of food particularly vegetables and washing of fruits
Ascaris lumbricoides
105
✓ Washing solution: aqueous iodine solution (200 parts/million)
Ascaris lumbricoides
106
✓ kills infective egg and larva in 15 minutes
Ascaris lumbricoides
107
a) Sanitary disposal of feces
A. lumbricoides
HOOKWORMS
108
b) Avoid sites where infected dogs and cats may defecate
HOOKWORMS
109
c) Eradicating the infection in dogs and cats by periodic antihelminthic treatment
HOOKWORMS
110
d) Personal hygiene such as use of shoes or slippers
HOOKWORMS
111
e) Avoiding ingestion of raw vegetables
HOOKWORMS
112
extremely difficult once infection sets in the household
Enterobius vermicularis
113
✓ Home and community sanitation
Enterobius vermicularis
114
✓ Better personal hygiene; fingernails should be cut short
Enterobius vermicularis
115
✓ Use showers rather than bath tubs
Enterobius vermicularis
116
✓ Infected persons should sleep alone
Enterobius vermicularis
117
Mebendazole (500mg)
Ascaris lumbricoides
118
Pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg (maximum of 1 g))
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
119
Albendazole (400 mg)
Ascaris lumbricoides
120
Mebendazole, Pyrantel pamoate, Oxantel
HOOKWORMS
121
Severe anemia- raise the hemoglobin level to about 70-80 g/l
HOOKWORMS
122
Iron therapy (Ferrous sulfate, 200 mg 3x a day for 3 months)
HOOKWORMS
123
Human Hookworms:
124
Animal Hookworms:
125
: (cause skin lesions or larval migrans in man)
Animal Hookworms
126
: American hookworm/American murderer
a) Necator americanus
127
New World Hookworm
a) Necator americanus
128
: Old world hookworm
b) Ancylostoma duodenale
129
(cat hookworm)
d) Ancylostoma braziliense
130
(dog hookworm)
e) Ancylostoma caninum
131
- 1 pair of semilunar cutting plates, dorsal median tooth, deep pair of triangular subventral lancets
Necator americanus
132
- fused spicules; deep cleft
Necator americanus
133
- bipartite dorsal rays
Necator americanus
134
- 2 pairs of fused ventral teeth
Ancylostoma duodenale
135
- unfused spicules; shallow cleft
Ancylostoma duodenale
136
- tripartite dorsal rays
Ancylostoma duodenale
137
- 3 pairs of ventral teeth
Ancylostoma caninum
138
- bursa is supported by long, slender rays
Ancylostoma caninum
139
- 1 pair of larger outer teeth and 1 pair of very inconspicuous median teeth
Ancylostoma braziliense
140
- bursa is supported by short stubby rays
Ancylostoma braziliense
141
Ova 56-60 µ x 34-40µ
Hookworms
142
2 species:
S. stercoralis, S. fuellerborni
143
Threadworm
144
1. Ova
not found in feces except in diarrhea and hyperistalsis
145
1. Ova
contains a fully developed embryo
146
1. Ova
ovoidal thin shelled, transparent, resembles a Chinese lantern
147
2. Rhabditiform larva
Flask-shaped & stout esophagus
148
2. Rhabditiform larva
Short buccal cavity
149
2. Rhabditiform larva
Conspicuous genital primordium
150
3. Filariform larva
Non-feeding stage with a long and delicate esophagus
151
3. Filariform larva
Forked or notched tail
152
4. Adult
well – developed buccal capsule
153
4. Adult
no teeth, no cutting plates
154
4. Adult
but bears a crown of chitinous, leaf-like processes
155
2 PHASES of development
1. Parasitic
2. Free-living
156
✓ inhabits the intestine of host
157
✓ female is a delicate filiform worm
158
✓ L: 2.2 mm
159
✓ esophagus: occupies 1/3 of the anterior part (longer)
160
✓ Parthenogenetic
161
✓ Parthenogenetic
162
✓ Parthenogenetic
