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Marine Bio-Diversity > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pressure

A

at sea level is 1 atm; for every 10m depth pressure increases by 1 atm, affects gases differently than water or other substances due to compressibility of gases.

liquids are relatively incompressible.

significantly affects breath holding animals.

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2
Q

Nutrients

A

organic and inorganic materials than an organism needs to metabolize, grow, and reproduce

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3
Q

Limiting Produce

A

limits the distribution of marine organisms

-too much nutrients can be a problem

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4
Q

Eutrophication

A

process whereby a body of water becomes enriched with nutrients

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5
Q

Oxygen

A

byproduct of photosynthesis via phytoplankton, seaweeds, and plants

-cooler, less salty= more 02
-warmer, saltier= less 02
- dissolves in water at the surface; around depends upon water temperature and salinity

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6
Q

Aerobic Organisms (aerobes)

A

organisms that require oxygen; plants, algae, animals, and the majority of marine microbes

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7
Q

Anaerobic Organisms

A

organisms that can survive in an environment that lacks oxygen; deep sea, sediments

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8
Q

Population

A

a group of the same species that occupies a specific area

  • every population has a geographic boundary
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9
Q

Geographic Range

A

geographic area within which a population is found

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10
Q

Sampling Techniques

A

used to estimate population size

-estimate size by dividing into smaller plots, counting total in plots and multiplying
-estimate size by using mark-recapture methods

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11
Q

Population Desnity

A

The number of individuals per unit or volume

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12
Q

Dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the range

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13
Q

Clumped

A

density packed into patches

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14
Q

Uniform

A

individuals are evenly spaced

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15
Q

Random

A

spacing, unpredictable pattern

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16
Q

Generation Size

A

average time between individuals birth, and the birth of its offspring

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17
Q

Survivorship

A

refers to how long, on average, an individual of given age could be expected to live

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18
Q

Survivorship Curves Type 1

A

Low early mortality, few offspring, good care(whales)

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19
Q

Survivorship Curves Type 2

A

High mortality, early, many offspring, little care (fishes, bivalves)

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20
Q

Survivorship Curves Type 3

A

constant mortality

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21
Q

Life History

A

Three phases; birth, reproduction, death

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22
Q

Clutch Size (fecundity)

A

Number of offspring produced each time, an organism reproduces

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23
Q

Produces Once

A

All energy until one event

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24
Q

Produces Repeatably

A

must divide energy among maintenance, growth, reproduction

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25
age at first reproduction
Timing can impact output earlier and quality and size later
26
Biological fitness
survival of offspring to reproduce
27
Recruitment
addition of new members to a population through production and immigration
28
larval settlement
aquatic larvae, leave the water column and settle on the bottom
29
density dependent factor
Population regulating factors that have a greater effect as the population size increases (availability of resources)
30
Density independent factor
Population regulating factors that are not related to population size(climate and weather)
31
R strategist
An organism that reproduces early and produces large numbers of offspring
32
K strategist
An organism that seems to maximize its carrying capacity
33
herbivores
Animals that eat vegetation
34
carnivores
Eats other animals
35
Keystone species
Species that has a greater effect on community structure than it’s numbers might suggest
36
Community
A group of interacting populations that inhabit a specific area
37
Niche
Role a species plays in a community
38
Fundamental niche
Broadest possible niche a population can occupy
39
realized niche
Portion of a fundamental niche that a population actually occupies
40
Connells barnacles
Fundamental versus realized niche competition occurs when resources are limited; prevents, occupying same niche
41
interspecific competition
between species
42
competitive exclusion
local extinction of the less successful competitors in a competitive situation
43
resource partitioning
Process that allows organisms to share resources
44
light bottle
oxygen levels should increase or decrease less than dark bottle, (depending if photosynthesis> respiration)
45
dark bottle
Oxygen levels decrease, do the respiration, no photosynthesis
46
symbiosis
Situation in which two different organisms live together and close association
47
mutualism
Both partners benefit
48
commensalism
One partner benefits; the other does not, but is not harmed
49
parasitism
One partner benefits at the expense of the other
50
parasite
Member that benefits living off his partner
51
host
Member that supports the parasite and is harmed by relationship
52
Photosynthesis
process whereby the energy of sunlight is captured and stored in inorganic molecules
53
autotroph, (producer)
Organism that can produce its own food
54
primary productivity
Rate at which energy rich food molecules are being produced from inorganic materials
55
light dark bottle method
Experimental method for determining primary production
56
oxygen
Network for plankton
57
food web
Complex network of feeding relationships among producers and consumers
58
dissolved organic matter (DOM)
Lost in water column
59
heterotrophs(consumers)
Organism that relies on other organisms for food
60
first order(primary consumers)
Animals that feed on producers
61
Second order(secondary consumer)
Carnivores that feed on herbivores
62
third order(tertiary consumers)
Carnivores that feed on carnivores
63
omnivores
Organism that relies on other organisms for food
64
detritivores
Organisms that feed on detritus(animal waste, and decaying tissue)
65
decomposers
Animals that break down the tissue of dead organisms and recycle nutrients
66
food chain
Linear feeding, relationships that links producers to consumers
67
trophic levels
Position in a food web or a chain that indicates a organisms feeding relationship
68
ecological efficiency
Percentage of energy that is taken as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to the next higher level
69
10% rule
On average only 10% of energy available at one trophic is passed to the next
70
Energy pyramid
Represents the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next, shows that energy decreases with each level and number of organisms it supports
71
pyramid of biomass
Pyramid, representing amount of all living tissue at each trophic level
72
pyramid of numbers
Indicates relative number of all organisms at each trophic level
73
biogeochemical cycle
combination of all biological, physical and chemical processes that are involved and recycling nutrients in an ecosystem(water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
74
Intraspecific competition
a competition between individuals from the same species (cospecifics)

Marine Bio-Diversity (14 decks)

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