Section 8C Flashcards by Felicity LaVigne

Chordates

animals that belong to the phylum chordata

-possess a notochord
-pharyngeal gill slits
-postanal tail
-dorsal
-hollow nerve tube

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Tunicates

chordate animal belonging to subphylum urochordata

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Tunic

body covering of urochardates

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Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)

tunicates

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Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea)

tunicates

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Salps (class thaliacea)

free swimming urochordates that belong to class thaliacea

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Larvaceans (class larvacea)

free swimming urochordates that belong to class larvacea

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Cephalochordates (subphylum cephalochirdata)

fish like chordates that belong to subphylum cephalochordata

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Fishes

diverse group of animals that evolved over 530 million years ago from invertebrate chordates

-pharyngeal gill slits
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve tube
-postanal tail

-have cranium
- important to human nutrition
-90% of commercial fisheries will be depleted by 2050

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Vertebrae

series of bones or cartilages that surround the spinal chord and constitute the spinal column of vertebrate organisms

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Hagfish and Lampreys

-lack parked appendages and scales
-skeletons composed of cartilage
-Hagfish lack vertebrae (phylum myxini)
-Lampreys (subphylum vertebrata)

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Hagfish

produce copious slime
-bottom dwellers in deep ocean; 77 species
-feed using dental plates on soft bodied inverts and scavenge on large vertebrates
-scavenge from inside out
-knot bodies to remove slime

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Lampreys

9 to 43 species are marine
-use oral disk and rasping tongue with horny teeth to grasp prey, rasp a hole in the side of the body, and suck out tissues of fluids

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Anafromous

fish that spend their adult life in the ocean but spawn in fresh water

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Ammocetes

are eel like larvae of various lamprey species

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Class Chondrichthyes

sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras

-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins, and placoid scales

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Holocephalans

chimaeras or ratfish

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Elasmobranchs

sharks, skates and rays

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Placoid Scales

type of scales in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates

Sharks

top predators in ocean food webs

all carnivorous; feeding on marine mammals, turtles, other sharks, large fishes, small fish, invertebrates, zooplankton,

Zooplanktivorous

animals that filter feed on small non photosynthetic organisms in the plankton

Class Chrondrichthyes

includes sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras

-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins and placoid scales

Class Chrondrichthyes

includes sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras

-cartilaginous skeletons, jaws, paired fins and placoid scales

Claudal fin

tale fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle and it is used for propulsion

Heterocercal tail

asymmetrical fin; vertebrae extend into its larger lobe

Claspers

only on males, used in sharks and rays in sperm transfer

Spiracles

small openings located behind the eyes of sharks and rays that serve as an opening for water entering the gill chamber when the animal is at rest

Skates and Rays differ from eachother by

1. skates have muscular tails with small fins, lay eggs-mermaid or devils purse are the egg capsule 2. Rays have whip like tails with venomous spine, give birth to live young

Chimaeras( class holocephali)

ratfish, rabbit fish, spook fish differ from elasmobranchs via: - upper jaw immovable -lack spiracle -gills are covered with an operculum

Operculum

stuff flap of tissue that covers the gills of ray finned fishes and chimaeras

Cloaca

common chamber of the products of the intestinal and urogenital systems

Coelacanths(class sarcopterygii)

have rod shaped bones surrounded by thick muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins

Monophyletic Group (clades)

group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Ganoid scales

thick bony plates composed on an inner layer of bone and an outer layer of

Cycloid Scales

thin plates of dermal bone with smooth margins found in the skin of some ray finned fish

Ctenoid Scales

thin plates of dermal gone with tiny teeth on their protection

placoid scales

type of scale in cartilaginous fishes that has a structure resembling the teeth of other vertebrates

Homocercal tail

extend beyond the end of the vertebral column and are symmetrical

Heterocercal tails

asymmetrical fin, vertebrae extend into its larger lobe

Body Shapes

-Fusiform:refers to a body shape characterized by tapering at both the head and the tail -reef fish - bottom dwellers -sedentary -burrowing

Obliterative Countershading

different coloration in upper or lower body surfaces as a means of camouflage

Disruptive Coloration

use of vertical lines to interrupt the background color of the body; often includes eye stripe and eyespot

Chondrostei (ray finned fish)

heterocercal tail, primarily cartilage, ganoid scales

Neopterygii (ray finned fish)

homocercal tail, bony skeleton, cycloid or ctenoid scales, maneuverable fins

Ray finned fishes

class actinoperygii

Chromatophores (pigment)

pigment containing and light, reflecting cells that generate skin and eyecolor

Iridophores (pigment)

Specialized skin pigment cells that use crystalline plates made of guanine to reflect light